For more information on Perchlorate, please contact:

John Quander
Technology Assessment Branch
PH: (703) 603-7198 | Email: quander.john@epa.gov

Perchlorate salts have been used in a wide variety of applications, including explosives, stick matches, highway safety flares, fireworks and other pyrotechnics; however, approximately 90 percent of the manufactured volume is currently used as a solid rocket fuel oxidizer. To a limited extent, perchlorate also occurs naturally in Chilean nitrate deposits and has been detected in fertilizer derived from those deposits.

Perchlorate manufacturing facilities and users have been identified in at least 44 states (1), and groundwater, surface water, and/or soil contamination has been reported in 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico (2), with California having the greatest number of confirmed releases. The contamination is usually associated with rocket manufacturers or military facilities. One of the largest identified releases occurred at a former rocket fuel production facility in Henderson, NV that exploded in 1988. The resulting release contaminated the groundwater, which in turn flows into the Las Vegas Wash, nearby Lake Mead, and the Colorado River. Both of these surface waters are sources of public water supplies. Remediation efforts have focused on intercepting the groundwater plume.

After a survey of drinking-water wells in western Texas showed perchlorate to be present in better than 80% of the wells tested over an area of 60,000 square miles, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality turned to researchers at Texas Tech University for help to determine where the perchlorate was coming from. Most of the levels of perchlorate found were quite low, but ~25% were equal to or greater than 4 ppb. After the investigators determined that rocket fuel, flares, fireworks, explosives, and Chilean fertilizer were unlikely to have been potential sources in some areas of the region, they concluded that the evidence points to perchlorate sometimes being generated naturally in the atmosphere or by surface oxidation. (3,4).

Maps

California Perchlorate Study Discovery Areas, 2004
Contact: Kevin Mayer, mayer.kevin@epa.gov

Greater Los Angeles Basin Area, 2004
Contact: Kevin Mayer, mayer.kevin@epa.gov

Perchlorate Manufacturers and Users as of April, 2003

Perchlorate Occurrence in Nevada (slide presentation)
Brenda L. Pohlmann
Division of Environmental Protection
State of Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources

Perchlorate Occurrence Mapping
Phillip Brandhuber and Sarah Clark.
American Water Works Association, 38 pp, Jan 2005

The national occurrence of perchlorate in drinking water was analyzed and geographically mapped by compiling data from existing perchlorate occurrence surveys made by U.S. EPA and the states of Arizona, California, Massachusetts, and Texas. Perchlorate occurrence was found to be national in scope, with detections reported in 35 states and Puerto Rico. Geographically, the highest density of perchlorate detection was found in southern California, west central Texas, along the east coast between New Jersey and Long Island, and in Massachusetts. The compound was often detected in drinking water in areas for which there was no documented environmental release of perchlorate.

For Further Information

Aberdeen Proving Ground Detects Perchlorate in Aberdeen
U.S. Army, 2002
Contact: DOIM Hotline, hotline@apg.army.mil

Atmospheric Processes May Create Perchlorate
Rebecca Renner.
Environmental Science & Technology, 2 Feb 2005

Chlorite and Chlorate in Drinking-Water: Background Document for Development of WHO 'Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality'
World Health Organization, WHO/SDE/WSH/05.08/86, 31 pp, 2005.

Some drinking water treatment systems use a chlorine dioxide generating process that if imperfectly configured or operated may produce chlorite and other undesirable byproducts, such as chlorate, hydrogen peroxide, and perchlorate, which could affect the drinking water supply.

Comment on "Perchlorate Identification in Fertilizers"
E. Urbansky, et al.
Env. Sci & Tech. VOL. 34, NO. 20, 2000

Development of Environmental Data for Navy, Air Force, and Marine Munitions
J.L. Clausen, C.L. Scott, and R.J. Cramer.
ERDC/CRREL TR-07-7, 62 pp, 2007

Munitions containing RDX, HMX, TNT, and perchlorate are used for Army, Air Force, Navy, and Marine training in the continental United States, and this practice has a high potential for introducing contaminant residues into the environment. In particular, units using large numbers of Smokey Sams (mock missiles fired at fighter aircraft) have the potential to release large quantities of perchlorate into the environment.

Distribution and Potential Sources of Perchlorate in the High Plains Region of Texas
W.A. Jackson, K. Rainwater, T. Anderson, T. Lehman, R. Tock, S. Rajagopalan, and M. Ridley.
Texas Tech University Water Resources Center, 186 pp, 2004.

• Report appendices

Ecological Impact/Transport and Transformation of Perchlorate (slide presentation)
C. Long, et al.
U.S. Air Force and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Contact: Cornell Long, cornell.long@brooks.af.mil

Evaluation of Alternative Causes of Widespread, Low Concentration Perchlorate Impacts to Groundwater: Interim Report
Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), Project ER-1429, Document TR0197, 132 pp, 2008

When perchlorate is detected in the absence of military activity, anthropogenic or natural non-military sources should be suspected. Past practices, geographic regions, co-constituents and isotopic markers can provide evidence to identify the source of perchlorate. 2005 White Paper 2011 Phase 2 Report

Evaluation of Perchlorate Contamination at a Fireworks Display Dartmouth, Massachusetts
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
August 2007, 37 pp.

Study of a site where fireworks displays have occurred for 11 years. The study found maximum perchlorate concentrations of 560 µg/kg in shallow soil and 62.2 µg/L in shallow groundwater.

Exploratory Data on Perchlorate in Food
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.

Fact Sheet: Perchlorate
U.S. Army
(Site sponsored by DoD/EPA/ State of Massachusetts. Fact sheet covers perchlorate in the groundwater at the Massachusetts Military Reserve.)

Known Perchlorate Releases in the U.S. - March 25, 2005
U.S. EPA, Office of Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse.
Contact: Kevin Mayer, mayer.kevin@epa.gov

Massachusetts Drinking Water Supply Information: Perchlorate
Bureau of Resource Protection
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection

The Nature of Perchlorate (General Background Information) and the National Occurrence of Perchlorate
K. Mayer
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9
Contact: Kevin Mayer, mayer.kevin@epa.gov

Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant
E. Urbansky
Environmental Science & Pollution Research 9(3) pp 187-192, 2002.

Perchlorate chemistry: Implications for analysis and remediation
E. Urbansky
CRC Press, 1998

Perchlorate Data for Streams and Groundwater in Selected Areas of the United States, 2004
S.J. Kalkhoff, S.J. Stetson, K.D. Lund, R.B. Wanty, and G.L. Linder.
U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 495, 52 pp, 2010

In 2004, USGS conducted reconnaissance to determine the occurrence of perchlorate in rivers, streams, and shallow aquifers in agricultural areas of the Midwestern and North-Central United States and in arid Central and Western parts of the United States. Perchlorate was detected in samples collected in 15 states and was detected in 34 of 182 samples from rivers and streams and in 64 of 148 groundwater samples at concentrations equal to or greater than 0.4 µg/L. Perchlorate concentrations were 1.0 µg/L or greater in surface-water samples from seven states and in groundwater samples in four states. Only one surface-water and one groundwater sample had concentrations greater than 5.0 µg/L. Perchlorate concentrations in followup samples collected from 1 to 3 months after the initial sample were unchanged at four of five stream sites.

Perchlorate: Draft Background Documents
California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 2005

Sources of Perchlorate in the Environment (11 pp)

Perchlorate Containing Products (18 pp)

Manufacture and Distribution (5 pp)

Known Perchlorate Sites and Cleanup Operations (36 pp)
Though the focus of this paper is concentrated primarily on sites in California, perchlorate cleanup operations at sites in Alabama, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, and Texas are also discussed.

Perchlorate Environmental Contamination: Toxicological Review and Risk Characterization
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002
Contact: Annie M. Jarabek, jarabek.annie@epa.gov

Perchlorate in Arizona: Occurrence Study of 2004
Perchlorate Task Force [Arizona].
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, 83 pp, 2004.

Perchlorate in Pleistocene and Holocene Groundwater in North-Central New Mexico
L. Niel Plummer
Environmental Science & Technology 40(6) pp 1757-1763, 2006

Perchlorate in the Lower Umatilla Basin Groundwater Management Area: Issues and Answers
Phil Richerson.
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. DEQ 04-ER-011a, 3 pp, 2004.
Phil Richerson, Richerson.Phil@deq.state.or.us

Perchlorate levels in samples of sodium nitrate fertilizer derived from Chilean caliche
E. Urbansky, et al.
Environmental Pollution 112 (2001) 299-302

Perchlorate Occurrence (slide presentation)
K. Mayer
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9
Contact: Kevin Mayer, mayer.kevin@epa.gov

Preliminary Analyses for Perchlorate in Selected Natural Materials and Their Derivative Products
G.J. Orris, G.J. Harvey, D.T. Tsui, and J.E. Eldrige
Open-File Report 03-314, United States Geological Survey, 2003
Contact: Greta J. Orris, greta@usgs.gov

Probability of Detecting Perchlorate under Natural Conditions in Deep Groundwater in California and the Southwestern United States
Fram, M.S. and K. Belitz, U.S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, CA.
Environmental Science & Technology, Vol 45 No 4, p 1271-1277, 2011

Data from 1,626 groundwater samples collected in California, primarily from public drinking water supply wells, were studied to investigate the distribution of perchlorate in deep groundwater under natural conditions. These data and results from a logistic regression model indicate low concentrations (0.1-0.5 µg/L) of perchlorate occur under natural conditions in groundwater across a wide range of climates, beyond the arid to semiarid climates in which they mostly have been previously reported. The probability of detecting perchlorate at concentrations >0.1 µg/L under natural conditions ranges from 50-70% in semiarid to arid regions of California and the Southwestern United States, and to 5-15% in the wettest regions sampled (the Northern California coast). The probability of concentrations above 1 µg/L under natural conditions is low (generally <3%).

Site-Specific Summaries of Perchlorate Sampling Results at DoD Sites
Department of Defense Perchlorate Work Group

Survey of Fertilizers and Related Materials for Perchlorate (ClO₄^-): Final Report
E.T. Urbansky, T.W. Collette, W.P. Robarge, W.L. Hall, J.M. Skillen, and P.F. Kane.
EPA 600-R-01-047, 34 pp, 2001.
Contact: Tim Collette, collette.tim@epa.gov

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