Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents

Overview Guidance Application Training Additional Resources

Application

Bioenhanced In-Well Vapor Stripping (BEHIVS) to Treat Trichloroethylene
Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). 75 pp, 2003.

An in-well vapor stripper and two biotreatment wells were installed near a TCE-contaminated 'hot spot' zone at Edwards AFB for an August-December 2001 technology demonstration. In-well vapor stripping and in situ aerobic cometabolic bioremediation were combined to address a TCE source area without bringing contaminated ground water to the surface.

Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents in Fractured Bedrock: Characterization and Case Studies
2002

This document was prepared by Erica Borum, a NNEMS grantee under a fellowship from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The objective of this paper is to present in situ bioremediation in fractured bedrock as an innovative technology for the treatment of chlorinated solvents. The heterogeneity of fractured bedrock and the persistence of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) create a costly, remedial challenge in the subsurface. Due to the existence of microorganisms in the subsurface, bioremediation processes in fractured bedrock have proven to be a potentially successful remedial process. This paper summarizes ten on-going case studies that are utilizing bioremediation of chlorinated solvent and will discuss the parameters of the projects as well as current findings.

Chlorobenzene Bioreactor Demonstration
1997. D. Miller; J. Spain; W. Wallace; C. Vogel. AL/EQ-1993-0008, NTIS: AD-A332 757/4, 63 pp.

A field study was undertaken at Robins AFB, Georgia, to investigate whether above-ground, fixed-film bioreactors can biodegrade complex mixtures of chlorinated aromatic compounds in ground water using the metabolic capabilities of Pseudomonas Strain JS150.

Cometabolic Bioreactor Demonstration at the Oak Ridge K-25 Site: Final Report
Lucero, A. J.; T.L. Donaldson; H.L. Jennings; M.I. Morris; A.V. Palumbo; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN; ORNL/TM-12851, NTIS: DE96000848, 90 pp, Aug 95

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) conducted a comparative demonstration of two different cometabolic processes for bioremediation of ground water contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) and other chlorinated solvents. Methanotrophic (methane-utilizing) technology was demonstrated first; aromatic-utilizing microorganisms were demonstrated later. This report documents the operation of the methanotrophic bioreactor system to treat the seep water at the demonstration site. The report is available to view or download through the DOE Information Bridge. http://www.osti.gov/bridge/

Cost and Performance Report: Sequential Anaerobic/Aerobic Biodegradation of PCE at Watertown, Massachusetts
2000. U.S. EPA, Technology Innovation Office, Washington, DC, 7 pp.

D6-2 Status Report on Technological Reliability for Demonstrated Soil and Groundwater Management Technologies with Special Focus on the Situation In Europe, Part 2: Update on Bioremediation Only
Eurodemo Project (GOCE) 003985, 71 pp, 2007

To encourage the application of enhanced in situ bioremediation technologies across Europe, EuroDemo has prepared this report on bioaugmentation and biostimulation techniques used to address chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon contamination, illustrating them with case studies of successful implementation at sites in the United States.

DNAPL Bioremediation – RTDF. Innovative Technology Summary Report
2002. U.S. DOE, Office of Environmental Management. DOE/EM-0625, 29 pp.

This report describes the demonstration of three in situ bioremediation techniques by the Remediation Technologies Development Forum (RTDF) Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Work Group at Dover Air Force Base.

DNAPL Remediation: Selected Projects Approaching Regulatory Closure
EPA 542-R-04-016, 2004

This paper is a status update on the use of DNAPL source reduction remedial technologies, and provides information about recent projects where regulatory closure has been reached or projects that are approaching regulatory closure, following source reduction. Information is presented about the challenges associated with DNAPL remediation, the types of in situ technologies used, and data and findings concerning the relative effectiveness of field applications of these technologies. Appendix A contains project profiles for eight field applications that illustrate some of the findings presented in this paper.

Demonstration of Bioaugmentation at Kelly AFB, TX
2004. B. Alleman, M. Place, and D. Major. AFRL-ML-TY-TR-2004-4530, 155 pp.

This report describes an application of the KB-1 culture to remediate TCE contamination at Kelly AFB.

Demonstration of Bioaugmentation at Kelly AFB, Texas: ESTCP Cost And Performance Report
Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), Project ER-9914, 42 pp, 2007

After augmentation of the aquifer with KB-1™ (a prepared culture of halorespiring bacteria) to address PCE, TCE, and their degradation products, complete dechlorination of PCE to ethene was observed.

Demonstration of Biodegradation of Dense, Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids (DNAPL) Through Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation at Launch Complex 34 in Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida: Final Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
A. Gavaskar, W-S. Yoon, M. Gaberell, E. Drescher, L. Cumming, J. Sminchak, J. Hicks, B. Buxton, M. Morara, T. Wilk, and R. Copley.
EPA 540-R-07-007, 103 pp, 2004

The demonstration to evaluate the technical and cost performance of the bioremediation technologies when applied to a TCE DNAPL source zone began in June 2002 and ended in February 2003. Sequential application of biostimulation (ethanol as electron donor) and bioaugmentation (the KB-1 consortium) was evaluated in the same small test plot beneath a building. The treatments significantly decreased total TCE and DNAPL mass in the target treatment zone.

Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation. Innovative Technology Summary Report
2002. U.S. DOE, Office of Environmental Management. DOE/EM-0624, 29 pp.

This report covers a 1999-2000 demonstration to treat the source area of a TCE plume in the ground water at the Test Area North site of DOE’s Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL).

Enhanced In-Situ Anaerobic Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents at LF-08, Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri
Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Cost and Performance Database, 2007

Field Evaluation Report of Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation (ISB), Test Area North (TAN) Operable Unit (OU) 1-07B
2000. Sorenson, K.S.; J.P. Martin; H. Bullock Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID; Report No: INEEL/EXT-2000-00258, Rev. 0, 149 pp.

Final Evaluation of Performance and Costs Associated with Anaerobic Dechlorination Techniques, Phase I Site Survey, Revision 02
2002. Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), 135 pp.

Final Report for the Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation Pilot Test, Bountiful/Woods Cross Superfund Site, Bountiful, Utah
Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO. 66 pp, 2006

This biostimulation/bioaugmentation pilot study to address TCE contamination involved a side-by-side comparison in 3 test cells of 3 different bioremediation substrates: sodium lactate, chitin, and emulsified soybean oil. Following the first round of substrate injection and sampling, all 3 test cells were inoculated with a commercially available dechlorinating culture containing Dehalococcoides ethenogenes. Based on the results of the pilot test, full-scale enhanced anaerobic bioremediation was selected for the site's 2006 Record of Decision. Emulsified oil is recommended as the electron donor.

Fluidized-Bed Adsorption Bioreactor for the Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated with Solvents at Fluidized-bed Adsorption Bioreactor for Groundwater Contaminated with Solvents at Low Concentration
1999. Paul H. Miyares; Cynthia V. Teeter; C. James Martel. CRREL Special Report 99-1, 20 pp.

A fluidized bed adsorption bioreactor was examined in a pilot study for its efficacy in treating ground water contaminated with TCE at low concentrations.

Focused Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis, Groundwater Plumes Interim Corrective Measure, Former Air Force Plant PJKS, Waterton Canyon, Colorado. Revision 1
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District, 52 pp, 2005.

In 2003 at PJKS, a bedrock pilot study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of in situ anaerobic biodegradation of TCE and NDMA in bedrock source areas by the introduction of sodium lactate.

In Situ Bioremediation Technologies: Experiences in the Netherlands and Future European Challenges
A. Langenhoff.
EuroDemo, 21 pp, 2007

The author discusses five different approaches to in situ bioremediation: bioventing, biosparging, bioaugmentation, monitored natural attenuation, and enhanced bioremediation/enhanced natural attenuation. Four brief case studies describe implementation of enhanced bioremediation/enhanced natural attenuation at sites in the Netherlands. The cases cover reductive dechlorination of PCE, cis-DCE, and HCH, respectively, plus anaerobic oxidation of BTEX.

In Situ Bioremediation for the Hanford Carbon Tetrachloride Plume: Innovative Technology Summary Report
1999. DOE/EM-0418, 22 pp.

In situ bioremediation (ISB) of the Hanford carbon tetrachloride plume treats ground water contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrates under anaerobic conditions. ISB involves the injection of nutrients into the ground water with subsequent extraction and re-injection of the ground water to provide nutrient distribution in the aquifer. Developed by Battelle's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), the technology relies on indigenous microorganisms and a computer-based Accelerated Bioremediation Design Tool (ABDT). The report is also available to view or download through the DOE Information Bridge.

In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethene DNAPL Source Zones: Case Studies
2007

This report was published by the Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC). As part of its strategic approach, the ITRC BioDNAPL's Team determined that an independent evaluation of the status of bioremediation was needed, that review of a .data rich. set of case studies would be the best evaluation approach, and that a forum would be an appropriate setting for the process. The team gathered and evaluated a number of proposed case studies and selected a group of six that would demonstrate bioremediation of DNAPLs in a wide range of conditions. The selected case studies can be classified as demonstrations, pilot-scale tests, those in design, and full-scale cleanups.

In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent with Natural Gas
Rabold, D.E., Westinghouse Savannah River Co., Aiken, SC WSRC-MS-95-0303, NTIS: DE96002956, 10 pp, 1996

A bioremediation system for the removal of chlorinated solvents from ground water and sediments is described. The system involves the in situ injection of natural gas as a microbial nutrient through an innovative configuration of horizontal wells. The document is available to view or download through the DOE Information Bridge.

In-Situ Substrate Addition to Create Reactive Zones for Treatment of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: ESTCP Cost and Performance Report
Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), Project ER-9920, 93 pp, 2007

In-Situ Substrate Addition to Create Reactive Zones for Treatment of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: Hanscom Air Force Base
C.C. Lutes, V. D'Amato, A. Frizzell, M. Hansen, G. Gordon, P. Palmer, and S. Suthersan.
Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), 431 pp, 2003.

The active treatment phase of the demonstration took place from October 2000 to October 2002, during which time 47 injections conducted in a single injection well delivered 1,250 gallons of raw blackstrap molasses, 11,250 gallons of dilution water, 7,575 gallons of push water, and 4,732 grams of potassium bromide. Monitoring was conducted during the demonstration to gauge technology effectiveness, describe changes in biogeochemical conditions, and gather process monitoring feedback.

In-Situ Substrate Addition to Create Reactive Zones for Treatment of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: Vandenberg Air Force Base
C.C. Lutes, A. Frizzell, B. Molnaa, and P. Palmer.
Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP). 335 pp, 2004.

This report documents an evaluation of the efficacy of the In-Situ Reactive Zone/Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination (IRZ/ERD) technology in removing TCE from impacted ground water in a range of geologic conditions and TCE concentrations. Active molasses-based treatment from February 2001 to April 2003 provided an opportunity to evaluate IRZ at a site that was initially highly aerobic, with minimal evidence of natural attenuation of TCE.

Protocol for In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Using Edible Oil
2007

The addition of pure liquid edible oil and edible oil emulsions, referred to as the edible oil process, has been used to stimulate the in situ anaerobic biodegradation of chlorinated solvents and related contaminants at commercial, industrial and military sites throughout the United States. The protocol presented in this document is intended to assist base managers and project engineers in 1) determining if the edible oil process is appropriate for their site; 2) designing and implementing an edible oil engineered system; and 3) evaluating and optimizing remedial performance over time. This protocol also provides background information on the development and scientific basis of this technology.

Pump and Treat and In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater at the French Ltd. Superfund Site, Crosby, Texas: Cost and Performance Report
1998. Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable. 16 pp.

Push-Pull Tests for Evaluating the Aerobic Cometabolism of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: ESTCP Cost and Performance Report
Environmental Security Technology Certification Program, NTIS: ADA468544, 46 pp, 2006

Single-well push/pull test methods were demonstrated at Fort Lewis Logistics Center (using toluene as a cometabolic growth substrate) and McClellan AFB (during cometabolic air sparging with propane as a growth substrate) to determine (1) the transport characteristics of nutrients, substrates, and CAHs and their transformation products; (2) the capability of indigenous microorganisms to utilize selected substrates and transform targeted contaminants and surrogate compounds; (3) the rates of substrate utilization and contaminant transformation; and (4) the combinations of injected nutrients and substrates that maximize rates of contaminant transformation.

RCRA Showcase Pilot, Region 9: Romic Environmental Technologies Corporation, East Palo Alto, CA
2001. U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste, RCRA Corrective Action Hazardous Waste Cleanup Program, 3 pp.

Soil Vapor Extraction at the Seymour Recycling Corporation Superfund Site, Seymour, Indiana: Cost and Performance Report
1998. Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable. 17 pp.

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Demonstration Bulletin: Enhanced In-Situ Bioremediation Process, Earth Tech, Inc.
2000. Report No: EPA 540-MR-0-504. 3 pp.

Technical Session: Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater. Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Meeting Minutes, May 27, 1998, Arlington, Virginia

Use of Bioremediation at Superfund Sites
EPA 542-R-01-019, 2001

This report focuses on the use of enhanced bioremediation technologies at 104 Superfund remedial action sites and other contaminated sites. It provides a snapshot of current applications of bioremediation and presents trends over time concerning selection and use of the technology, contaminants and site types treated by the technology, and cost and performance of the technology.

Workplan for Enhanced In-Situ Bioremediation Pilot Test for Former Intel Facility, 365 Middlefield Road, Mountain View, California
Weiss Associates. Northeast Mountain View Advisory Council, 240 pp, 2005

In a feasibility study that investigated the remediation potential of in situ bioremediation with Hydrogen Release Compound (HRC), in situ bioremediation with Newman Zone emulsified edible oil, in situ chemical oxidation using permanganate, expansion of the existing ground water extraction and treatment system, and excavation of impacted saturated soils, in situ bioremediation with emulsified oil was identified as the most appropriate remedial option for reducing chlorinated hydrocarbons in the ground water of the Intel facility site.

Zenon Environmental Inc.: Zenogem® Biological and Ultrafiltration Technology. Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
1999. Tetra Tech EM, Inc., for U.S. EPA, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, Report No: EPA 540-R-95-503, 103 pp.

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Last updated on Monday, July 28, 2008