In Situ Flushing

For more information on Surfactant or Cosolvent Flushing, please contact:

Linda Fiedler
Technology Assessment Branch
(703) 603-7194
fiedler.linda@epa.gov

Overview Guidance Application Training Additional Resources

Guidance

AATDF Technology Practices Manual for Surfactants and Cosolvents (TR-97-2)
1997

This manual, produced by the DOD Advanced Applied Technology Demonstration Facility Program at Rice University, is intended to assist decision makers with the evaluation and potential application of surfactant/cosolvent flushing for the remediation of subsurface contamination. The report provides a basic understanding of the technologies, their applicability and limitations, and an understanding of the factors to be considered when implementing projects.

Applicability of RCRA Section 3020 to In-Situ Treatment of Ground Water
2000

This memorandum clarifies that reinjection of treated ground water to promote in-situ treatment is allowed under section 3020(b) as long as certain conditions are met. Specifically, the ground water must be treated prior to reinjection; the treatment must be intended to substantially reduce hazardous constituents in the ground water – either before or after reinjection; the cleanup must be protective of human health and the environment; and the injection must be part of a response action under CERCLA section 104 or 106 or a RCRA corrective action intended to clean up the contamination.

Contaminants in the Subsurface: Source Zone Assessment and Remediation
National Research Council, Committee on Source Removal of Contaminants in the Subsurface. National Academies Press, Washington, DC. ISBN: 030909447X, 383 pp, 2004

After discussing the definition of 'source zone' and the characterization thereof, this report reviews the suite of technologies available for source remediation and their ability to reach a variety of cleanup goals, from meeting regulatory standards for ground water to reducing costs. The report proposes elements of a protocol for accomplishing source remediation that should enable project managers to decide whether and how to pursue source remediation at their sites.

The DNAPL Remediation Challenge: Is There a Case for Source Depletion?
EPA 600-R-03-143, 2003

Releases of Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) at a large number of public and private sector sites in the United States pose signifi cant challenges in site remediation and long-term site management. Extensive contamination of groundwater occurs as a result of signifi cant dissolved plumes generated from these DNAPL source zones that vary in size and complexity depending on site characteristics and DNAPL properties and distribution. Risk and liability management, consistent with regulatory compliance requirements, could involve remediation of the source zone as well as management of the dissolved plume.

INDOT Guidance Document for In-Situ Soil Flushing
Lee, L.S., X. Zhai, and J. Lee, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.
Report Nos: SPR-2335; FHWA/IN/JTRP-2006/28, 49 pp, Jan 2007

Innovations in Ground Water and Soil Cleanup: from Concept to Commercialization
1997. Committee on Innovative Remediation Technologies, Water Science and Technology Board, Board on Radioactive Waste Management, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. View the publication via the National Academy Press home page.

Innovative Site Remediation Technology, Vol. 3: Soil Washing/Soil Flushing
1995. William C. Anderson, ed. American Academy of Environmental Engineers, Annapolis, MD. 174 pp.

Innovative Technologies for Remediation of Arsenic in Soil and Groundwater: Soil Flushing, In-Situ Fixation, Iron Coprecipitation, and Ceramic Membrane Filtration
1997. J.C. Redwine; R.W. Peters, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA. EPRI TR-106701.

Manual of Subsurface Restoration: Contaminant Flushing With Surfactants and Cosolvents
1998. Donald M. Lowe, (ed.). Ann Arbor Press, Inc. ISBN: 1575041081.

State Policy and Regulatory Barriers to In Situ Ground Water Remediation
EPA 542-R-96-001, 1996

Identifies state regulatory and policy barriers to the use of surfactants, cosolvents, and nutrients to enhance groundwater treatment technologies. Gives the name of a contact person for each state.

Strategies for Monitoring the Performance of DNAPL Source Zone Remedies
Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) Dense Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids Team. DNAPLs-5, 206 pp., Aug 2004.

This document is intended for regulators and others interested in learning about approaches to performance monitoring while implementing various in situ technologies for the treatment of DNAPLs. In this document, we present a number of ways in which the success or failure in treating a DNAPL source zone has been measured. Because the vast majority of experience in DNAPL source zone remediation has been in unconsolidated geologies, such as sands and silts, many of the conclusions, recommendations, and lessons learned presented in this document do not necessarily transfer to performance assessment in fractured bedrock, karst, or other consolidated geologies.

Surfactant Injection for Ground-Water Remediation: State Regulators' Perspectives and Experiences
EPA 542-R-95-011, 1995

This is a report on a series of eight interviews with state regulators concerning their experiences with reviewing applications or proposals to inject surfactants in the groundwater to remediate contaminated ground water. The interviews included discussions of barriers or mistakes and advice to applicants and reviewers to affect a smoother process.

Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR) Design Manual
2002. J. Londergan (Duke Engineering & Services, Austin, TX); et al. TR-2206-ENV, 112 pp.

Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR) Implementation Manual
2003

The objective of this implementation manual is to familiarize remedial project managers and engineers and scientists affiliated with environmental remediation projects on the major tasks and planning parameters involved with implementing an in-situ surfactant flood or surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) project to remove dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs).

Surfactant-Enhanced DNAPL Remediation: Surfactant Selection, Hydraulic Efficiency, and Economic Factors
EPA 600-S-96-002, 1996. D.A. Sabatini; R.C. Knox; J.H. Harwell. 15 pp.

Surfactants and Cosolvents for NAPL Remediation: a Technology Practices Manual
1999. Lowe, D.F.; C.L. Oubre; C.H. Ward (eds.). Lewis Publications, Boca Raton, FL. ISBN: 0-8493-4117-5. 448 pp.

Technical and Regulatory Guidance for Surfactant/Cosolvent Flushing of DNAPL Source Zones
2003. Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids Team, Washington, DC. DNAPLs-3, 151 pp.

Technology Evaluation Report: Technologies for Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Source Zone Remediation
1998

This report, compiled by the Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Center (GWRTAC), provides a review of technologies for dense nonaqueous phase liquid source zone remediation. Information was gathered primarily from peer-reviewed papers and publications and, in some instances, from personal communication with involved parties

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Last updated on Monday, October 1, 2007