For more information on Chemical Oxidation - In Situ, please contact:
Linda FiedlerTechnology Assessment Branch
PH: (703) 603-7194 | Email: fiedler.linda@epa.gov
In Situ Oxidation
Application
Behavior of a Chlorinated Ethene Plume following Source-Area Treatment with Fenton’s Reagent
2005. Chapelle, F.H.; P.M. Bradley; C.C. Casey. Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation, vol. 25, no. 2, pages 131–141.
Case Study Comparison of Multiple Activation Methods for Sodium Persulfate ISCO Treatment
G. Cronk.
Sixth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, May 19-22, 2008, Monterey, California. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 8 pp, 2008.
Six brief in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) case studies (full and pilot scale) from sites in California illustrate the use of different methods--hydrogen peroxide, ferrous or chelated iron, alkaline conditions (high pH)--for persulfate activation. Good to excellent contaminant reductions (generally >85%) were achieved in all 6 cases for contaminants such as 1,4-dioxane and chlorinated solvents (2), a mixed chlorinated solvent plume (1), methylene chloride DNAPL (1), gasoline-range hydrocarbons (1), and benzene (1).
Chemical Oxidation Site Profiles
2003
Information about completed and ongoing applications of in situ chemical oxidation technologies to treat chlorinated solvents, petroleum products, and pesticide compounds in groundwater and soil are captured in this web site. The information is provided in project profiles that summarize relevant site information, contaminants and media, technology design and operation, and cost and performance results, as well as point(s) of contact and references.
Cost and Performance Report for the Geo-Cleanse® Process Treatment Demonstration at Naval Air Station Pensacola, FL, Operable Unit 10, Pensacola, Florida
2000. Hudson Environmental Services, Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 24 pp.
DNAPL Remediation: Selected Projects Where Regulatory Closure Goals Have Been Achieved
EPA 542-R-09-008, 2009
The purpose of this paper is to highlight sites where dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source reduction has been demonstrated as an aid in meeting regulatory cleanup goals. The presence of DNAPL in the subsurface can serve as a long-term source of dissolved contaminant plumes in groundwater, making it more difficult to reach regulatory closure. However, once the DNAPL source is addressed, residual groundwater plumes may be more amenable to treatment, including less aggressive techniques such as monitored natural attenuation (MNA) or bioremediation. This paper updates the document, DNAPL Remediation: Selected Projects Approaching Regulatory Closure, prepared in 2004 by providing more recent information on technologies and on five additional selected sites at which DNAPL source reduction technologies were applied.
Demonstration of the HiPOx Advanced Oxidation Technology for the Treatment of MTBE-Contaminated Groundwater
2002. T.F. Speth, G. Swanson, Tetra Tech, Inc., San Diego, CA. EPA 600-R-02-094, NTIS: PB2003-103275, 36 pp.
The experimental HiPOx system was not fully successful with the atypical water at the chosen oxidant doses in this particular application.
Demonstration of ISCO Treatment of a DNAPL Source Zone at Launch Complex 34 in Cape Canaveral Air Station
2002. A. Gavaskar and W. Yoon, Battelle Memorial Inst., Columbus, OH. AFRL-ML-TY-TR-2003-4522, NTIS: ADA414447, 295 pp.
Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis: Properties Immediately Adjacent to Marina Cliffs/Northwestern Barrel Site South Milwaukee, Wisconsin
U.S. EPA Region 5, 136 pp, 2006
This report contains information on the implementation and results of a full-scale in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) pilot study conducted using the BIOX(r) technology in three areas affected by benzene, PCE, TCE, vinyl chloride, and xylenes.
Evaluation of Lime and Persulfate Treatment for Mixed Contaminant Soil from Plum Brook Ordnance Works (Sandusky, OH)
V.F. Medina, S.A. Waisner, A.B. Morrow, C.C. Nestler, and M. Jones.
ERDC/EL TR-07-19, 116 pp, 2007
Soil contaminated with TNT, DNT, a PCB (Araclor 1260), PAHs, and lead was addressed with a series of chemical-based treatments, i.e., application of lime to treat the explosives, advanced oxidation (persulfate and Fenton's reagent) for treatment of PCBs and PAHs, and use of phosphate for stabilizing lead. Lime treatment degraded 98% of TNT, 75% of DNT, and 80% of PCBs, with minimal removal (41%) of PAHs. Similar removal levels were found for persulfate treatment and lime followed by persulfate. Treatments of the most contaminated soil did not meet preliminary remediation goals for explosives or PCBs.
Expediting Cleanup of a Pump and Treat Site by Use of Chemical Oxidation Technology
G. Cronk and L. Stevens.
Sixth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, May 19-22, 2008. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 11 pp, 2008
At the U.S. Gypsum Company site in La Mirada, CA, a pump-and-treat system has operated for over 10 years (1996 to 2006), successfully reducing the size of two co-mingled contaminant plumes, one with benzene and one with dissolved-phase TCE. To expedite this cleanup, two ISCO technologies were implemented. For the TCE plume, a pilot test using potassium permanganate achieved TCE reductions ranging from 85 to 100% in 120 days, and a full-scale permanganate treatment is planned to address the remaining TCE plume. For the benzene plume, injections of catalyzed hydrogen peroxide and activated sodium persulfate resulted in a reduction in benzene concentrations from a pre-ISCO maximum of 5,500 µg/L to 98 µg/L, a 98% reduction. Other wells have shown benzene reductions from 96 to 99.9%.
Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Chemical Oxidation
EPA 542-R-98-008 , 1998
Describes recent pilot demonstrations and full-scale applications that either treat soil and ground water in place or increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants to improve their removal by other remediation technologies.
Final Report for Demonstration of In Situ Oxidation of DNAPL Using the Geo-Cleanse Technology
1997. K.M. Jerome; B. Riha; B.B. Looney, Westinghouse Savannah River Co., Aiken, SC. WSRC-TR-97-00283, NTIS: DE98050456, 75 pp.
In 1997, in situ oxidation was demonstrated at the A/M Area of the Savannah River Site (SRS) on undissolved dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) in soil and ground water. The report is available through the DOE Information Bridge.
Focused In-Situ Chemical Oxidation of Chlorinated VOCs and 1,4-Dioxane Using Sodium Persulfate in Fine-Grained Soils
K.S. Houston, J. Horst, and G. Wroblewski.
Pollution Engineering, 8 pp, Mar 2009
At a former machining and metal working site where the groundwater is affected by PCE, TCE, 1,1-DCE, and 1,4-dioxane, focused ISCO using sodium persulfate was considered for discrete source mass treatment to expedite mass removal and decrease the operational timeframe, but lab treatability tests indicated that strategic oxidant dosing would achieve the remediation goal. In a field pilot test, effective 1,4-dioxane and VOC treatment was achieved, likely the result of naturally occurring reduced metals (e.g., ferrous iron) that facilitated sulfate radical formation, which also showed that oxidant field loading based solely on lab-determined total oxidant demand of site soil and groundwater slurries can overstate the mass of oxidant required to achieve effective treatment.
A Full-Scale Demonstration of In Situ Chemical Oxidation through Recirculation at the X-701B Site
1997. O.R. West, et al. ORNL/TM-13556, NTIS: DE98006011, 110 pp.
In 1997, the Department of Energy undertook a month-long, field-scale treatability study using in situ chemical oxidation through recirculation (ISCOR) technology at a Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant site where TCE contaminates ground water and sediments. Available through the DOE Information Bridge.
In Situ Chemical Oxidation Through Lance Permeation at the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PORTS)
2002. M.Z. Martin, O.R. West, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN. ORNL/TM-2002/272, 37 pp.
In Situ Chemical Oxidation Using Potassium Permanganate
1999
This report documents a demonstration at the DOE Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant using in-situ chemical oxidation (KMnO4) to treat TCE The demonstration used recirculation wells and reduced the contaminant significantly in some areas but had delivery problems.
In Situ Hydrothermal Oxidative Destruction of DNAPLs in a Creosote-Contaminated Site
1998. R.N. Leif; M. Chiarappa; R.D. Aines; R.L. Newmark; K.G. Knauss; C. Eaker. UCRL-JC-129933, 8 pp.
The in situ thermal remediation technology known as Hydrous Pyrolysis/Oxidation (HPO) uses hot, oxygenated ground water to completely mineralize a wide range of organic pollutants. A field demonstration of HPO was performed at a creosote-contaminated site during the summer of 1997.
In-Situ DuoxTM Chemical Oxidation Technology to Treat Chlorinated Organics at the Roosevelt Mills Site, Vernon, CT: Site Characterization and Treatability Study Report
U.S. EPA, Superfund Innovative Site Evaluation (SITE) Program, Washington, DC.
EPA 540-R-05-008, 45 pp, 2005.
Independent Review of the X-701B Groundwater Remedy, Portsmouth, Ohio: Technical Evaluation and Recommendations
B.B. Looney, C. Eddy-Dilek, J. Costanza, J. Rossabi, T. Early, K. Skubal, and C. Magnuson.
SRNL-STI-2008-00424, 83 pp, 2008
The review team (1) assessed the performance of an ongoing oxidant-based treatment technology that uses lances to inject catalyzed hydrogen peroxide, (2) provided specific recommendations for DOE and Ohio EPA to consider if oxidant injections are to be continued, and (3) recommended alternatives to the current remediation strategy for the X-701B TCE plume.
NSB Kings Bay, GA: Site 11, Old Camden County Landfill Remedial Action Operation
2000. U.S. Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Port Hueneme, CA, 8 pp.
Naval Air Station Pensacola: Optimization of Remedial Action Operation to Treat Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Groundwater
2000. U.S. Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Port Hueneme, CA, 18 pp.
Remediation of DNAPL through Sequential In Situ Chemical Oxidation and Bioaugmentation
D. Major.
ESTCP Project ER-0116, 92 pp, 2009
This project was conducted to assess the technical feasibility of sequential application of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and in situ bioremediation (ISB) and to identify the optimal timing of the transition from ISCO to ISB. The field demonstration was conducted at Launch Complex 34, Kennedy Space Center, Florida, where an extensive TCE DNAPL source is present in the groundwater. In 1999, a demonstration of ISCO using potassium permanganate at LC-34 was completed in a 75 ft x 50 ft test plot. Construction of a groundwater recirculation treatment system was initiated and completed in 2003, and injections of ethanol (ISB, or biostimulation) and KB-1 (bioaugmentation) took place in 2004. The system was operated between June 2003 and August 2004. Electron donor addition (ISB) after ISCO resulted in partial biodegradation of TCE, with complete biodegradation observed after bioaugmentation.
SRS Data Report for Lynntech Soil Ozone Treatment Demonstration Adjacent to the 321-M Solvent Storage Tank Pad
2000. Vangelas, K.M.; B. Riha; B.B. Looney; W.K. Hyde; J.L. Simmons; R. Raymond, Westinghouse Savannah River Co., Aiken, SC. Report No: WSRC-TR-2000-00255, 29 pp.
Second Five-Year Review Report for Tibbetts Road Superfund Site, Town of Barrington, Strafford County, New Hampshire
U.S. EPA Region 1, Boston, MA. 79 pp, 2008
EPA completed the first 5-year review in September 2003. Monitoring continues at the site to assess the effectiveness of the reduction of ground-water contaminants (acetone, toluene, benzene, xylenes, PCE, TCE, MIBK, PCBs, and metals) by a vacuum-enhanced recovery system for hot-spot remediation, phytoremediation via 1,600 poplar trees, and intrinsic biodegradation. An ISCO pilot injection program began in November 2003 with the injection of 100 gal of sodium permanganate, followed by injection of 55 gal in December 2003. The initial ISCO pilot treatment successfully reduced many of the chlorinated and non-chlorinated organics, but benzene was not reduced significantly; future injections would require longer reaction times. A second phase of ISCO pilot injections took place in June and November of 2006. EPA's second 5-year review of the remedy confirms that progress is being made in site cleanup and that the soil and ground-water remedies already in place continue to be protective, but the restoration timeframe to attain the interim cleanup levels likely will take longer than the 2012 estimate.
Site Profiles of Remedial Technologies: Chemical Oxidation
1999
These profiles describe recent field demonstrations and commercial applications of chemical oxidation.
Sites 2 and 12 In-Situ Oxidation Pilot Study Report, Former Fort Ord, California
2003. Harding Engineering & Environmental Services, Novato, CA. 45 pp.
A pilot study was conducted to evaluate site-specific conditions associated with in situ chemical oxidation using potassium permanganate for vinyl chloride in ground water and to establish preliminary design and performance criteria for full-scale implementation.
Soil Vapor Extraction and In Situ Chemical Oxidation at Swift Cleaners, Jacksonville, Florida
Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable (FRTR) Cost & Performance Database, 2007
Stabilizing the NAPL Threat: In-Situ Biogeochemical Stabilization and Flux Reduction Using Catalyzed Permanganate
J. Mueller, J. Moreno, M. Dingens, and P. Vella.
Pollution Engineering, Mar 2007
Creosote and pentachlorophenol were found over an 11,000 cubic meter volume in consolidated shallow alluvium deposit at an operating wood treatment facility in Colorado. In pilot-scale field studies of in situ biogeochemical stabilization initiated in 2002, 24,050 gallons of a 3% aqueous potassium permanganate solution were injected into 13 locations within a test area, achieving rapid and complete stabilization of NAPL, contaminant mass reduction of 10 to 79%, and flux reduction of 56 to 99%. Regulators approved a full-scale application of the technology at the site.
Successful Unsaturated Zone Treatment of PCE with Sodium Permanganate
J.R. Hesemann and M. Hildebrandt.
Remediation Journal, Vol 19 No 2, p 37-48, 2009
A pilot test of ISCO with permanganate to reduce PCE soil concentrations within the source area was conducted at an active dry cleaner located in Topeka, Kansas, where a relatively small area of residual contamination adjacent to the active facility building was identified as the source of a large, site-wide groundwater contamination plume with off-site receptors. The pilot-test approach consisted of injecting aqueous sodium permanganate using direct-push technology with a sealed borehole, and ~12,500 pounds of sodium permanganate was injected at a concentration of ~3% (by weight). Confirmation soil sampling conducted after the injection event indicated PCE reductions ranging from 79 to >99%. After additional injection of 6,200 pounds of sodium permanganate to address residual soil impacts in the soil source zone, confirmation sampling indicated a PCE reduction of >90% at the most heavily contaminated sample location and additional reductions in four of the six samples collected.
Technology Status Review: In Situ Oxidation
1999
This report attempts to capture the current state of the art for this technology, recognizing it is in a state of rapid development. The report also attempts to indicate the types of information that are needed to continue the evolution of in situ oxidation and to successfully implement the technology at specific sites.
Use of In Situ Chemical Oxidation with Permanganate in PCE-Contaminated Clayey Till with Sand Lenses
Jirij Hønning
Technical University of Denmark, Ph.D Thesis, 76 pp, 2007
This thesis discusses the interaction of permanganate with sedimentary reductants and suggests that that the chemical oxygen demand of the sediments themselves are an important factor in planning a remedial action.
XPERT Design and Diagnostics' (XDD) In Situ Chemical Oxidation Process Using Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4): Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
U.S. EPA, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH.
EPA 540-R-07-005, 96 pp, 2007
Describes an evaluation of the XDD ISCO process using potassium permanganate at a site in Hudson, NH, to address chlorinated volatile organics, including PCE, TCE, cDCE, 1,1,1-TCA, and 1,1-DCA.
