WEBVTT

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All right, hi everyone! It's now 1PM, so we're gonna go ahead and get started.

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So let's cover some of our housekeeping rules for today. This training is being recorded and will be offered on demand through Cluin for those not able to join us live.

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The Cluwen Training page offers the slides for you to download.

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I will post a link to the slides in the chat.

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Use the Q&A box to ask questions, make comments, or report technical problems at any time during today's training.

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We will have a question and answer break about halfway through, as well as at the end of the modules today.

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For those of you that are interested in receiving certificates of completion.

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That will be available upon the completion of the feedback form.

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Once you complete the form and click the box to certify you participated, that certificate will be provided to you.

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Today's training is sponsored by the Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council, or ITRC.

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And is hosted by the U.S. Epa Cleanup Information Network, also known as CLUN.

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On behalf of the Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council, welcome to today's training, Pump and Treat Optimization, which is based upon ITRC's performance-based optimization of pump and treat system teams.

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online resources. My name is Taylor Vogel, and I will be your moderator today.

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The Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council is a program of the Environmental Research Institute of the States, a 501 education and research non-profit corporation affiliated with the Environmental Council of the States.

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We are a national coalition composed of members from state agencies, federal government, tribal governments.

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The private sector, academia, and community stakeholders. Our members participate in technical teams, which produce tools, resources, and training courses.

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Please visit the ITRC website if you're interested in becoming an active member.

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or need to view the full ITRC disclaimer. If you plan to use ITRC materials, we ask that you review those terms and conditions in detail, and be sure to credit ITRC.

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ITRC is partially funded by the US government. ITRC nor the U.S. Government warranty the material, nor endorse any specific products.

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I now have the pleasure of introducing our trainers today. All of them served as members of the team and volunteered to support the training offered today.

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A quick note before we get started, if you run into any problems accessing the link during the training.

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You can navigate directly to the main guidance document and use the table of contents to find the specific sections we're referencing.

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Alright, let's get this started by turning it over to Michael from the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality.

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All right. I'd like to just add my welcome to everybody today. I appreciate the time of you coming and.

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being with us this afternoon. I think we have an international crowd today, and that's always great to see.

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Uh, as far as the audience. I just wanted to spend a little bit of time getting us oriented to the training and the topics today.

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First, this training is generally for anyone involved in designing.

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Building, operating. Or optimizing pumpage reach systems.

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regulatory agencies, managers, and stakeholders. can also benefit from the understanding.

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Pump and treat optimization processes and principles. We do have an assumption that I would put out that.

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While optimization occurs at any phase of the lifespan of a pump and treat system.

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This training specifically assumes that you have an operating pump and treat system in place.

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to evaluate and optimize. The team also acknowledges.

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The pump and treat system may not achieve all the site goals.

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Section 4 and 5 of the guidance document provides support for transition.

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or termination, when the optimization. efforts indicate pump and treat may not be the solution or the sole solution going forward.

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The goals of pump and treat optimization. are listed here has improved the effectiveness and efficiency.

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of the remedy, maintain or approve the receptor protection.

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Ensure adequate maintenance. Reduce costs and liability.

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Reduce environmental footprint. And make the remedy more resilient.

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to environmental changes. This training in our guidance document will present processes, tools, and resources to assist you.

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in achieving these goals. But let's quickly summarize the key learning objectives.

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Optimization can and should occur throughout the life cycle of pump and treat system.

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We're going to present a systematic process for performance evaluation.

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process optimization and system transition.

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Optimization can lead to faster, more efficient. timely and effective cleanup with improved environmental protection.

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Unless resource consumption. On a more sustainable and resilient remediation system.

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These results are beneficial. To the public, the stakeholders, the regulators.

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and to the companies involved. in the cleanup effort.

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Recommendations to optimize a pump and treat system are based on iterative performance evaluation.

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As the system is optimized. And additional data is gathered and evaluated.

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Recommendations will be made. to weather further optimization is necessary.

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Optimization will improve an existing pump and treat system, but can't fix everything.

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The performance evaluation may demonstrate that a system cannot achieve the objectives alone, or possibly at all.

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The decision may be to pair pump and treat with another remedy, or even replace it entirely.

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And as we probably are all familiar with, optimization cannot be performed in a vacuum.

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We have numerous parties that need to be involved in the optimization decision and implementation.

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stakeholders, regulators, and the regulated entities. For example. In addition, we have to consider the regulatory framework.

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And the Sustainability Resilient remediation options. That apply to that process as well.

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Today's training's broken up into four main sections. Lifecycle optimization.

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Performance evaluation. Process optimization.

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and transition and termination. During the training.

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We will be using a case study, Baytown. to show optimization process in practice.

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The Baytown Township is a Superfund site in Minnesota.

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Additional case studies can be found in the document under Appendix B.

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Online. To the right, you see the optimization lifecycle diagram.

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And this navigation diagram shown here is used to serve as a roadmap for this training, as well as the pump and tree document itself.

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We'll also integrate regulatory, stakeholder, and sustainability and resiliency considerations throughout the training.

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The guidance document includes individual sections on each of these topics.

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During the presentation today, you'll see the following icons.

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used to highlight our integration. a stakeholder, regulatory, and SSR considerations.

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into the actual… sections of today's training.

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So with that, I would like to turn it over to Lucas Heldridge for a presentation.

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of, uh, uncover the lifecycle optimization framework. Lucas.

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Thank you, Michael. As Michael said, this document focuses on the life cycle beginning after the pump and treat system has already been designed, built.

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And has been operating for some time. And this section really focuses on.

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the framework for conducting this optimization during the life cycle of the groundwater pump and treat system itself.

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In remedy optimization is an important component of this lifecycle approach for identifying.

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And implementing such practices in an adaptive manner.

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The key objectives for this section are we want to be able to identify when.

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opportunities for conducting optimization can occur during the life cycle.

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Of groundwater pump and tree operations. And these opportunities typically.

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can be identified based on the performance evaluations. that we perform. We want to be able to understand how optimization reviews can result in.

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Cost avoidance. or savings, and also how to reduce time to completion for a project.

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The third key objective is that we want to identify.

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The opportunities to increase the ability to influence remediation costs.

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And these opportunities can occur throughout the life cycle of the operation of the pump and treat system, as we'll show.

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And the last key objective is that we want to be able to evaluate how performance-based.

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pumpetry optimization can be used to ensure the effectiveness.

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And efficiency of the remedy, and that it's maintained throughout the lifetime of the remedy itself.

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So, pump and treat systems have been selected as components of remedies for various types of contaminated sites.

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Think Superfund, corrective action. various state-led programs.

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Over the past several decades. And before we delve into the framework around optimization of these systems.

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Uh, we just want to start with a high-level review of the components of a typical pump and treat system.

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And the first. area…

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Is a term that we call aquifer interception, and this represents.

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A network of wells or trenches that are used to extract groundwater using.

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downwell pumps, and we. place this network to really intercept the contaminant plume.

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Or provide hydraulic control. Uh, to prevent off-site migration, or even to reduce the source.

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through mass removal itself. The second… part of the system is what we call conveyance.

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And this includes the mechanical and hydraulic infrastructure, that also includes piping.

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Which is used to convey groundwater from where it's extracted to the above.

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ground treatment system.

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The third component is around treatment and control. And here… What we're referring to are the above ground.

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Ex-situ treatment unit processes that are used for. Treatment of extracted groundwater.

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Uh, and also systems for sludge generation and management.

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The fourth component is discharge of that extracted and treated groundwater.

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And we refer to this as the disposal system for the treated water.

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Uh, that could be another well network for reinjection back into the subsurface. It could be a surface water discharge.

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or discharged to a publicly owned treatment works. Often, often referred to as a P O T W.

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The fifth component is the energy and operation. Which is really the power supply and controls.

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This would also integrate a SCADA control system. We're operating these systems.

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Number 6 is the last major component, and this is the monitoring system.

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And this also includes monitoring. Uh, both the performance of the above.

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Uh, treatment system itself. As well as the in-situ system of.

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Both extraction or pumping wells and monitoring wells, and.

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This in situ system consists of a groundwater monitoring network.

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Uh, it can include piezometers to measure water levels, various meters and sensors.

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Um, and then in the above grade system. That also includes a number of sensors and controls as well.

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So, this is the second poll question, and this is to test your knowledge before we present additional material.

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Uh, the question is, when in the pump and treat life cycle should we consider optimization?

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A pump and treat selection and design, B. Implementation of the pump and treat system.

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see evaluation that the system is functioning as designed.

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D normal operations and maintenance. e-site completion, or F, all of the above.

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Oh, this is great. So, most people answered, uh, F, all of the above. This was the answer that we were seeking.

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And it really refers back to that the framework for conducting optimization.

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During the life cycle of a groundwater pump and tree system begins with the initial site assessment.

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And it continues through design, implementation. Long-term operation and maintenance, and then finally, remedy transitioning or site completion.

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Uh, so what we're going to look at next are.

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stages of remedy optimization as they apply to the assessment and the cleanup process at sites.

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So, for this training, our. evaluation of optimization efforts really focus on the later stages of the remedial process.

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So on this slide, we're showing, uh. Uh, conceptual remediation, uh.

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process and optimization stages from. Uh, really the start of a project at site assessment through post-construction.

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And what we're focusing on are the last two columns, which are highlighted in orange.

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remedy, implementation, and post-construction activities.

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Remedy implementation corresponds to the design of the pump and tree system, and life cycle activities here include pre-design investigation of sources and plumes.

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Possibly treatability testing and also pumping tests. Other activities include design of extraction wells and.

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placement of those wells. development of a monitoring network.

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evaluation of pumping rates, conveyance piping. The treatment process is in selecting equipment.

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Remedy implementation also corresponds to the installation of the pump and treat system itself, and then startup and early operation of that system.

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And some associated life cycle activities here. include installation of extraction and monitoring wells, and construction of.

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conveyance piping and the treatment and discharge systems. This step also can include typically system startup and shakedown.

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And possibly equipment modification at this stage as well.

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For post-construction activities, uh… This refers to… ongoing system operation and monitoring, late life cycle operation, and also potentially transition to system shutdown.

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when project goals have been achieved. to possibly a monitored natural attenuation or other alternate technology remedy.

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And some of the life cycles here include continued assessment of hydraulic capture zones.

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modification of pumping rates. various operation and maintenance activities for your extraction wells and treatment systems.

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Uh, potentially phased shutdown of extraction wells, and also shut down evaluations for the system and transition to.

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Monitor natural attenuation or an alternate technology if that's more cost-effective and feasible.

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And post-construction activities also correspond to closeout and deconstruction of the pump and treat system.

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And these life cycle activities include abandonment of extraction wells.

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Uh, and conveyance piping, and then also demobilization of treatment works.

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Uh, next, we're going to go over some of the components of performance assessments.

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And… the first… component involves.

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Evaluating the above-ground treatment system performance, and that also includes the conveyance piping and equipment, the treatment system, and the discharge process. And.

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In this case, treatment process monitoring refers to. Measuring the influent flow rates to the treatment plant and concentrations in the treatment plant influent.

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And also the effluent following treatment. and at intermediate points within the treatment process and.

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One of the primary criteria for this evaluation is.

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We want to be able to verify that discharge standards are being achieved in our system.

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The second component area is the evaluation of subsurface performance, and that includes.

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plume capture and containment. recovery performance of the plumes.

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And performance of the extraction and injection well networks.

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And here we are concerned with the effectiveness of the subsurface remedy.

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And it's important to know that it depends on the accuracy and completeness of the conceptual site model.

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So it really requires a high degree of performance monitoring to address.

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uncertainties in that conceptual site model. Uh, which might impact system performance, and.

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The frequency of that monitoring is going to be based on the rate of change of hydraulics, so how that water.

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table is changing over time. contaminant trends and also geochemical changes that we might see in the subsurface.

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As well as proximity to receptors, which are all important aspects of the conceptual site model.

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The third component of a performance assessment involves monitoring, and that refers to both.

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below and above ground monitoring for this system. Uh, in terms of below-ground monitoring, here.

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here we are concerned with. Monitoring contaminant concentrations in groundwater levels, and then we compare those.

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against predicted performance. Uh, along with also evaluating the pumping effectiveness of the extraction walls themselves.

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And this helps us to determine if the extractual network configuration.

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is continuing to provide the most effective and efficient recovery.

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Uh, this evaluation… of the monitoring system.

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is typically conducted individually for each well. Uh, but we also include other components.

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Good. Uh… As part of that performance evaluation to indicate if adjustments to the pumping rates are required.

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If well cleaning or rehabilitation is needed. Or even if new wells are required to be installed to maintain or increase the recovery efficiency of the overall system.

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And ultimately, the evaluations mentioned on this slide. produce data that we use in subsequent optimization efforts.

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And it's important to know that data informs how we conduct our optimization. Performance assessments conducted at a site can help us update the conceptual site model.

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Periodically. And we can also use that… those performance assessments to identify whether the remedy performance is evolving as predicted.

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And whether the remedy is likely to achieve our cleanup objectives over time.

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And what this table presents are various considerations and data that we use for performance-based evaluations.

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And these are just some of the examples that.

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that are included in a performance-based approach. The first example is a conceptual site model update.

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And here we consider data and information that we collect during operations.

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To inform further adjustments to the system. Uh, this might include, for example, new knowledge.

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Of preferential flow paths in the subsurface. Uh, the second is around changing conditions.

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And here we consider data on additional sources. that we might identify during the performance or operation of a system.

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Uh, potential additional mass of contaminant. Uh, that we may not have known about.

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changing concentration distributions, and so on. Uh, the third refers to controlling contaminant transport.

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And here we're concerned with aquifer and hydraulic conditions.

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And what this… might tell us is that new pumping locations could be needed to adequately intercept the plume.

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And the fourth example is around remedy performance, and.

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Here we evaluate well design and pumping performance, and in this case, we may.

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Find the adjustments to pumping conditions might be warranted if.

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sufficient capture or mass removal. is not being attained.

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This is a third poll question, and again, this is to test your knowledge before we present additional.

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material. How can optimization typically affect cost of remediation efforts over time?

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Uh, choose all that apply. It may decrease the accuracy of the estimates for total long-term costs.

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It may increase cost due to longer operation timeframe.

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It may decrease costs due to shorter operation time frame.

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Uh, or it may increase monitoring costs over time.

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So again, we're looking at how can optimization typically affect cost of remediation efforts over time?

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Okay, great. So, uh… conceivably A, B, and D could occur during a project.

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But what we are trying to do is reduce the effort.

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of a system, if appropriate, based on the performance of the system. So, the key word here was typically, so the answer is C.

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93% of participants, uh, respondents got that answer, which is great.

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So now what we like to do is. Next, visualize a project life cycle. So, visualizing cost savings over time for a project life cycle.

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Okay… So this is a two-part figure. We're starting with the top part of the figure, and this depicts effort and cost per year versus time for a typical evaluation and cleanup effort at a contaminated site.

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And what we often see is that in the initial stages of a site response action.

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Much of our effort is necessarily focused on characterization and risk determination.

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Evaluating remedies, source control remediation, and then as that project matures over time.

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Uh, resources are increasingly spent for monitoring and treatment system operation maintenance.

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Uh, we do know that monitoring can be an extensive cost component.

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Could take some time, and it can also proceed.

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Uh, for some length of time before a remedy is selected and implemented.

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And as indicated by the dashed line where it says site closure.

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technical and remedy performance uncertainties may impact the accuracy of the estimates for long-term costs.

00:25:50.000 --> 00:26:00.000
So, if we compare that to this bottom part of the figure, uh, what this is saying is that instead of continuing indefinitely with a long-term operation and maintenance.

00:26:00.000 --> 00:26:07.000
It is possible, through optimization to reduce costs as well as time to site completion.

00:26:07.000 --> 00:26:14.000
And depending on site-specific conditions, optimization reviews can result in cost avoidance and savings.

00:26:14.000 --> 00:26:19.000
and also enable reductions in the time to achieve site completion.

00:26:19.000 --> 00:26:25.000
It's also important to know that optimization has a greater ability to influence lifecycle costs.

00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:30.000
If performed during the early phases, such as planning, investigation, design.

00:26:30.000 --> 00:26:39.000
In early system operation. And we know that early incorporation of independent optimization reviews or.

00:26:39.000 --> 00:26:46.000
application of optimization lessons learned into remedy selection, design, and procurement phases of a project.

00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:53.000
can also be fairly effective as well. And the ability to influence project costs decrease.

00:26:53.000 --> 00:27:03.000
over time through construction, operation, maintenance, and monitoring as well.

00:27:03.000 --> 00:27:10.000
So, here we are introducing the case study that Michael referenced earlier, the Baytown Township Groundwater Plume Site.

00:27:10.000 --> 00:27:13.000
And this will be discussed throughout the training session.

00:27:13.000 --> 00:27:27.000
Some of the key features here. Or that this site was added to the national priorities list in 1994. It's a fairly large plume of 7 square miles. It's fairly deep at 270 feet.

00:27:27.000 --> 00:27:34.000
And there's been a hydraulic containment system operating since 2008.

00:27:34.000 --> 00:27:43.000
And some of the key points for the system itself include that there's a hydraulic barrier system, a network of extraction wells.

00:27:43.000 --> 00:27:51.000
Uh, that is extracting groundwater along. the perimeter of the property, there's an airstripper system that's being used to treat.

00:27:51.000 --> 00:28:01.000
trichloroethene or TCE-impacted groundwater. That groundwater, once it's treated, is reinfiltrated to the subsurface using a horizontal injection well system.

00:28:01.000 --> 00:28:08.000
And the problem that was being observed at this site was rebounding and fluctuating TCE levels.

00:28:08.000 --> 00:28:13.000
Throughout the plume, and that resulted in an optimization review in 2011.

00:28:13.000 --> 00:28:21.000
And this case study really illustrates the framework that we are presenting in the ITRC pump and Treat Optimization Guidance, and.

00:28:21.000 --> 00:28:26.000
During the course of the training, we're going to use this site to walk through those steps of.

00:28:26.000 --> 00:28:36.000
Evaluation, optimization, and… transition or termination of a groundwater puppetry system.

00:28:36.000 --> 00:28:39.000
So the key takeaways for this section are that.

00:28:39.000 --> 00:28:46.000
There are opportunities to conduct optimization, and they can occur throughout the life cycle of groundwater pump and treat operations.

00:28:46.000 --> 00:28:54.000
Optimization reviews can result in substantial cost avoidance or savings and reduce the time to completion.

00:28:54.000 --> 00:28:59.000
Opportunities to increase the ability to influence remediation costs include.

00:28:59.000 --> 00:29:05.000
Improving operations, modifying the remedy, or streamlining progress monitoring.

00:29:05.000 --> 00:29:12.000
And performance-based pump and tree optimization uses data to maintain the effectiveness and efficiency of the remedy.

00:29:12.000 --> 00:29:28.000
And with that, I'd like to… turn it over to Pat, who will review Section 3.

00:29:28.000 --> 00:29:35.000
Good afternoon. So this section addresses the performance evaluation of an existing pump and treat system.

00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:50.000
The results of the evaluation are utilized at the stage of the system optimization that will be gone over in Section 4.

00:29:50.000 --> 00:29:56.000
So here's how the performance evaluation fits within the life cycle of a pump and treat project.

00:29:56.000 --> 00:30:02.000
One thing that needs to be emphasized is that the performance evaluation may need to be conducted several times.

00:30:02.000 --> 00:30:09.000
And at different stages. For example, before the optimization stage to provide data for the optimization.

00:30:09.000 --> 00:30:16.000
And after the optimization to establish how it has affected the system performance.

00:30:16.000 --> 00:30:21.000
We will talk about…

00:30:21.000 --> 00:30:32.000
Triggers… Objectives… In the process of doing a performance evaluation.

00:30:32.000 --> 00:30:39.000
So this figure was covered extensively in the last section, but it does show the components that could trigger a performance evaluation.

00:30:39.000 --> 00:30:46.000
All of the components may be subject to performance evaluation at some point in the process.

00:30:46.000 --> 00:30:53.000
The subject of this module. is the evaluation of the performance of an existing pump and treat system.

00:30:53.000 --> 00:30:58.000
So the discussion focuses on the systems that have been operating for some time.

00:30:58.000 --> 00:31:07.000
The initial design is not addressed. The main points of the module are, why would a performance evaluation be conducted.

00:31:07.000 --> 00:31:13.000
What are the objectives of doing it, and how is the process conducted?

00:31:13.000 --> 00:31:26.000
Treatment system assessments are discussed in other documents. And some are listed in Section 3 of our document.

00:31:26.000 --> 00:31:39.000
So the key takeaways from this module are. Performance evaluation is an iterative process and should be conducted when needed at different points in the process.

00:31:39.000 --> 00:31:44.000
in the project lifecycle. In conjunction with other lifecycle events.

00:31:44.000 --> 00:31:52.000
An example is to evaluate system performance before and after the optimization process.

00:31:52.000 --> 00:31:57.000
Performance evaluations should be part of the general operation of the system.

00:31:57.000 --> 00:32:01.000
And project milestones, such as completion of the source remediation.

00:32:01.000 --> 00:32:06.000
It can also be triggered by significant external events.

00:32:06.000 --> 00:32:15.000
Such as natural disasters. Resiliency and sustainability should be included in the evaluation process.

00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:23.000
Assessing performance under power outage, or assessing the energy usage.

00:32:23.000 --> 00:32:30.000
It's important to point out that conducting the evaluation doesn't necessarily imply that changes need to be made.

00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:33.000
The results may indicate that the pump and treat.

00:32:33.000 --> 00:32:42.000
is still the most advantageous option. As to you… opposed to using other remediation technologies.

00:32:42.000 --> 00:32:46.000
And there are a few opportunities for improvement of the existing system.

00:32:46.000 --> 00:32:52.000
The best course of action may be to continue with the system as is.

00:32:52.000 --> 00:33:02.000
And when finally, when doing an evaluation, ask yourself if pump and treat is still the best option.

00:33:02.000 --> 00:33:10.000
So here is another poll question. What can trigger an evaluation of the pump and treat system?

00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:14.000
Could it be remediation milestones? A major external event.

00:33:14.000 --> 00:33:19.000
new regulatory limits. Lack of progress.

00:33:19.000 --> 00:33:38.000
stakeholder concerns are all of the above.

00:33:38.000 --> 00:33:43.000
All right, I can see that everyone was thinking the same thing. Yes, any of the.

00:33:43.000 --> 00:33:59.000
The, um, steps listed above. Can be, um… triggers of… performance evaluation.

00:33:59.000 --> 00:34:03.000
There are specific triggers that require that more than routine evaluation.

00:34:03.000 --> 00:34:14.000
efforts are in order. For convenience, they may be divided into internal and external, as shown in the following slides.

00:34:14.000 --> 00:34:19.000
So, internal drivers are those that are directly related to the performance of the system.

00:34:19.000 --> 00:34:22.000
And there can be a number of these drivers.

00:34:22.000 --> 00:34:29.000
Common internal drivers. Include.

00:34:29.000 --> 00:34:35.000
New information. That substantially changes the understanding of the project.

00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:40.000
it could concern the hydrogeology, the fate, and transport.

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:46.000
Does the CSM need to be updated? Or poor performance.

00:34:46.000 --> 00:34:52.000
Or deterioration of performance of the pump and treat system.

00:34:52.000 --> 00:34:57.000
This may be occurring if there is loss of capture or slow aquifer restoration.

00:34:57.000 --> 00:35:01.000
Loss of capacity or efficiency of the extraction wells.

00:35:01.000 --> 00:35:14.000
The inability to achieve the required treatment levels. Oops. Or there could be some unexpected outcomes. There are many possibilities.

00:35:14.000 --> 00:35:19.000
You could be affecting any neighboring wetlands by lowering the groundwater table.

00:35:19.000 --> 00:35:30.000
Redirecting the plume, or affecting water supply systems. External drivers are those that are not directly related to the system performance.

00:35:30.000 --> 00:35:38.000
Instead, they are an effect of outside factors. Some common external drivers are listed here.

00:35:38.000 --> 00:35:44.000
Budget issues, for example, triggered by a change in the site ownership.

00:35:44.000 --> 00:35:51.000
Regulatory considerations. There could be changes in the regulatory standards, such as inclusion of new.

00:35:51.000 --> 00:35:59.000
contaminants of concern. A recent example is PFAS. Or they're more stringent discharge limits.

00:35:59.000 --> 00:36:03.000
There could be a new land or water use.

00:36:03.000 --> 00:36:11.000
Or transition of agency leads. There are stakeholder issues. In some cases, the stakeholders.

00:36:11.000 --> 00:36:19.000
are the driving force for change. They often have intimate connections with a specific site and are the first to notice changes through the radial shoot.

00:36:19.000 --> 00:36:28.000
remediation efforts, such as the stream is the wrong color, the system is too loud.

00:36:28.000 --> 00:36:33.000
sustainability and resilience considerations may come to the forefront.

00:36:33.000 --> 00:36:38.000
Especially for older systems that were not originally designed with that in mind.

00:36:38.000 --> 00:36:44.000
Issues like extreme weather or climate change, carbon footprint, water reuse.

00:36:44.000 --> 00:36:56.000
Energy efficiency. Or the ability to function under adverse conditions.

00:36:56.000 --> 00:37:05.000
So we discussed why a performance evaluation would be required, and what are… so what are the objectives of conducting it?

00:37:05.000 --> 00:37:09.000
There are two main high-level objectives of the performance evaluation process.

00:37:09.000 --> 00:37:15.000
The first one is to assess whether the pump and treat system is fulfilling its goals.

00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:24.000
These are generally related to providing capture of the plume and achieving treatment of the extract groundwater in accordance with discharge limits.

00:37:24.000 --> 00:37:33.000
Sometimes there's also an objective of affecting. The mass removal, either from the source or from the plume.

00:37:33.000 --> 00:37:40.000
The second project goal is to provide data for future use in process optimization or system transition and termination.

00:37:40.000 --> 00:37:48.000
Various performance evaluation activities may be related to one of these objectives, or both.

00:37:48.000 --> 00:37:54.000
So I don't expect you to be able to read this figure. It's figure 3-3 in the main document.

00:37:54.000 --> 00:38:02.000
However, we'll walk through this flowchart to discuss the performance evaluation process.

00:38:02.000 --> 00:38:09.000
So you first might start with reviewing compliance data, looking for exceedances.

00:38:09.000 --> 00:38:18.000
You could evaluate the external forces. And your ability to isolate issues.

00:38:18.000 --> 00:38:26.000
You would determine if the process you're evaluating is functioning as designed.

00:38:26.000 --> 00:38:33.000
You might need to collect more data. to answer some of these questions.

00:38:33.000 --> 00:38:44.000
Evaluate your system maintenance. Has it been… occurring at normal intervals, do you need to increase your intervals?

00:38:44.000 --> 00:38:54.000
Evaluate your individual process steps. Do you have the right ones? Do you need to add one? Do you need to take one out?

00:38:54.000 --> 00:38:58.000
Determine if your system is operating in a cost-effective manner.

00:38:58.000 --> 00:39:03.000
Are there other efficiencies that you can add in?

00:39:03.000 --> 00:39:16.000
Do you need to optimize your system? And our corrective actions needed, or is it time to transition away from pump and treat?

00:39:16.000 --> 00:39:22.000
So this is just one example of the process. Not all steps are applicable to every site.

00:39:22.000 --> 00:39:30.000
And they need to be adjusted for particular site needs.

00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:35.000
So what activities would not be directly related to the performance evaluation?

00:39:35.000 --> 00:39:43.000
Assessing whether hydraulic capture. is being maintained, assessing whether discharge limits are being achieved.

00:39:43.000 --> 00:39:51.000
Obtaining contaminant of concern mass removal. acquiring historic contaminant of concern concentration data.

00:39:51.000 --> 00:40:21.000
In assessing the applicability of other remedial technologies.

00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:32.000
Okay, yes. The answer was assessing the applicability of other remedial technologies.

00:40:32.000 --> 00:40:38.000
The first four are related to. The two high-level objectives of the performance evaluation.

00:40:38.000 --> 00:40:45.000
The fifth activity, assessing technologies other than pump and treat, is not part of the system performance evaluation.

00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:51.000
It is rather part of the later elements of the optimization and system transition.

00:40:51.000 --> 00:41:00.000
Those are discussed in later modules.

00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:05.000
So, looking at the Baytown Township case study.

00:41:05.000 --> 00:41:10.000
Here we'll talk about its triggers, objectives. in process.

00:41:10.000 --> 00:41:18.000
The triggers were rebounding TCE concentrations in the pump and treat system after the initial in-situ chemical oxidation.

00:41:18.000 --> 00:41:25.000
at the source treatment. In 2011 and 2015.

00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:29.000
This was an internal driver related to poor performance.

00:41:29.000 --> 00:41:35.000
Those costly long-term monitoring of residential wells with varying concentrations.

00:41:35.000 --> 00:41:43.000
This was an external driver, budget considerations. And they found gaps in the source zone. The Vedos zone was an ongoing source.

00:41:43.000 --> 00:41:50.000
As found during the evaluation. This was an internal driver. There was new information about possibly.

00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:57.000
About a possible additional source.

00:41:57.000 --> 00:42:02.000
The objectives for this site were to optimize the pump and treat costs and energy requirements.

00:42:02.000 --> 00:42:17.000
Decide if there's a more efficient approach. doing more chemical oxidation, doing reductive dechlorinization in the source zone, or monitored natural attenuation in the plume.

00:42:17.000 --> 00:42:25.000
They re-evaluated the system several times. using modeling. They use the capture zone analysis in 2010.

00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:32.000
And then mandal analysis to evaluate changes in contaminant concentration at each well.

00:42:32.000 --> 00:42:39.000
Modeling is actually discussed in. Appendix A, which is our common concepts appendix.

00:42:39.000 --> 00:42:48.000
There are many more case studies in Appendix B, each with a unique trigger and outcome.

00:42:48.000 --> 00:42:54.000
So, again, the key takeaways. As seen in the case study.

00:42:54.000 --> 00:43:03.000
Multiple iterations of evaluations were performed. Triggered by groundwater conditions and costs.

00:43:03.000 --> 00:43:11.000
The performance evaluations should be conducted at regular intervals over the life of the project.

00:43:11.000 --> 00:43:19.000
Climate change and rising utility costs should be taken into consideration when doing evaluations.

00:43:19.000 --> 00:43:27.000
Don't be surprised to find that your system is already operating optimally.

00:43:27.000 --> 00:43:34.000
And keep an eye out for opportunities to transition away from simple pump and treat.

00:43:34.000 --> 00:43:40.000
Next is the first question and answer segment. Back to you, Taylor.

00:43:40.000 --> 00:43:46.000
Alright, thanks, Pat. And as Pat mentioned, we are at our first Q&A break.

00:43:46.000 --> 00:44:16.000
of the training today. I currently do not see any open questions in the Q&A pod, but I will give you all a little bit to ask any questions that you may have thought of throughout the first section of our training.

00:44:22.000 --> 00:44:30.000
All right, if nobody has any questions at the moment, I'm gonna ask our trainers a question that was asked in a previous training.

00:44:30.000 --> 00:44:38.000
Um, this was asked in a training a while back. I've heard that pump and treat systems are considered primarily a contaminant.

00:44:38.000 --> 00:44:51.000
a containment remedy. Is this true?

00:44:51.000 --> 00:45:00.000
I can start, and then… welcome other panelists to offer their opinions as well.

00:45:00.000 --> 00:45:07.000
Pump and treat can definitely be used as a containment remedy, hydraulic remedy.

00:45:07.000 --> 00:45:15.000
Preventing plume migration, for example. It can also be used for, uh, mass removal.

00:45:15.000 --> 00:45:18.000
It's going to be highly dependent on site conditions as well.

00:45:18.000 --> 00:45:21.000
Uh, there have been some pump and treat systems which have.

00:45:21.000 --> 00:45:25.000
Been used to, uh. Attain, uh.

00:45:25.000 --> 00:45:37.000
very low cleanup criteria at sites. Uh, again, depending on the site conditions, such as geology.

00:45:37.000 --> 00:45:43.000
Be curious… sometimes we use pump and treat systems also.

00:45:43.000 --> 00:45:47.000
in concert with other remedies as well. We might have a.

00:45:47.000 --> 00:45:52.000
pump a tree system that's acting as containment for an interim period of time.

00:45:52.000 --> 00:45:58.000
When source treatment is under… is being performed. We may also use it to.

00:45:58.000 --> 00:46:08.000
perhaps enhance, uh, distribution of subsurface. Remediation reagents, too.

00:46:08.000 --> 00:46:14.000
I'll throw my two cents in, and I agree entirely with you, Lucas, on that.

00:46:14.000 --> 00:46:21.000
That, uh, even though pumpetrita's probably, uh, most suited for containment.

00:46:21.000 --> 00:46:33.000
It can be used for plume reduction. If not total remediation, particularly in, as you mentioned, Lucas, the right geology, particularly in high permeability aquifers.

00:46:33.000 --> 00:46:44.000
You do have the ability to deal with modest dissolphase concentrations and a significant reduction in the footprint of the plume.

00:46:44.000 --> 00:46:49.000
Uh, by pump and treat, in my experience.

00:46:49.000 --> 00:46:55.000
Alright, thanks, Lucas and Dave. We do have one question that just came in in the Q&A pod.

00:46:55.000 --> 00:47:04.000
Do you have suggestions for implementing. Complementing technologies to complete the cleanup more quickly. I saw ISCO.

00:47:04.000 --> 00:47:24.000
In the example, any experience with reduction or bioremediation?

00:47:24.000 --> 00:47:29.000
I can speak to that. I mean, coming up in a transition section that I'll present later is.

00:47:29.000 --> 00:47:38.000
the same case study, daytime study. Superfund site where they implemented enhanced reductive dechlorination to essentially help take care of.

00:47:38.000 --> 00:47:47.000
some residual source areas. So there are other incentive technologies that really can help, um, and, you know, improve, um.

00:47:47.000 --> 00:47:53.000
Remedy. Let me select this.

00:47:53.000 --> 00:48:04.000
Yeah, Bruce, I think this day Becker again, I think I'll just add a couple of thoughts to that. I certainly agree with you, ESCO, and in-situ Bioremediation are effective.

00:48:04.000 --> 00:48:08.000
Another that I might add would be in situ thermal remediation.

00:48:08.000 --> 00:48:13.000
for areas that have high concentration indicative of DNAPL.

00:48:13.000 --> 00:48:20.000
Uh, when integrated with a pump and treat containment, or where you might have pump and treat.

00:48:20.000 --> 00:48:32.000
Uh, that's used to control the, uh, the. groundwater flux through the area to be treated by in-situ thermal methods. So that's… That's another situation where groundwater extraction.

00:48:32.000 --> 00:48:40.000
Uh, and treatment can be integrated with some other, you know, in situ techniques.

00:48:40.000 --> 00:48:50.000
Alright, thanks, Bruce and Dave, and I don't see any… Oh, there is one more. Sorry, just came in through the Q&A pod, so I'll ask this one really quick, and then we can move on with the training.

00:48:50.000 --> 00:49:04.000
Could you provide more detail in terms of the evaluation cycle of operation and maintenance of pump and treat systems? How would it be best to address issues associated with this stage of the execution process?

00:49:04.000 --> 00:49:15.000
For example, aging and or failing equipment.

00:49:15.000 --> 00:49:23.000
Hi, Dave Becker again. Um, actually, this is maybe a good segue into our next section.

00:49:23.000 --> 00:49:36.000
Uh, on… on process optimization. Um, which, which I'll cover here in just a moment, and we specifically talk about some of the issues with the O&M.

00:49:36.000 --> 00:49:41.000
Particularly with the above-ground equipment and… but also the below-ground equipment.

00:49:41.000 --> 00:49:47.000
So we'll talk about that here in just a minute, but I welcome.

00:49:47.000 --> 00:50:09.000
comments from fellow panelists here.

00:50:09.000 --> 00:50:21.000
All right, if now the trainers have any other comments, as Dave said, that question is a great transition into his section, so thank you for your questions, everyone, and we will have one more opportunity to answer questions.

00:50:21.000 --> 00:50:30.000
At the end of the class today. So I will now hand it off to Dave, um, to hear more about process optimization.

00:50:30.000 --> 00:50:41.000
Okay, well… Thank you, Taylor. Let's, uh, go now to Section 4 on process optimization, where we're going to talk specifically about.

00:50:41.000 --> 00:50:49.000
The development of recommendations that get at the optimization and ultimately the transition.

00:50:49.000 --> 00:50:54.000
of a pump and treat remedy to, um, you know, get it towards final.

00:50:54.000 --> 00:51:06.000
cleanup and our end goals here. So, um… As I say, the idea here is to develop recommendations that draw upon.

00:51:06.000 --> 00:51:11.000
Uh, the performance evaluation that Patricia just got done doing a good job explaining.

00:51:11.000 --> 00:51:21.000
And, um, there's, uh, you know, a number of different kinds of recommendations that we'll talk about, but they're specifically intended to.

00:51:21.000 --> 00:51:34.000
First, to improve the remedy, improve its performance. Improve its reliability and resilience down the road, but also to reduce the cost.

00:51:34.000 --> 00:51:40.000
Uh, to the, uh, to the owner, or the client, or to the people responsible for it.

00:51:40.000 --> 00:51:52.000
Also, to, in some cases, to reduce the time to obtaining those cleanup goals that we have for the site. We also, hopefully, as part of these recommendations, we'll also.

00:51:52.000 --> 00:51:59.000
Specifically reduce the environmental footprint in terms of energy use and other resource use.

00:51:59.000 --> 00:52:06.000
and environmental impacts. Um, so, uh, you'll see in these slides on this section, that.

00:52:06.000 --> 00:52:12.000
Uh, we'll be referring to different sections within the guidance document. Of course, the performance.

00:52:12.000 --> 00:52:19.000
Performance evaluation is, uh. Uh, part of section is entirely. Section 3 of the guidance document, and we'll.

00:52:19.000 --> 00:52:25.000
talk about specific paragraphs within section 4 of the guidance document.

00:52:25.000 --> 00:52:31.000
As we go forward here. Um, I do want to kind of point out just how, uh.

00:52:31.000 --> 00:52:39.000
The process optimization is kind of the central function here in our diagram on the right.

00:52:39.000 --> 00:52:45.000
Uh, again, where we're building on the performance evaluation, and we're now looking forward to.

00:52:45.000 --> 00:52:52.000
Uh, transitioning the pump and treat system maybe to other technologies or natural attenuation ultimately.

00:52:52.000 --> 00:52:58.000
Uh, to get the system and the remedy terminated. It didn't get to our endpoints.

00:52:58.000 --> 00:53:07.000
So, let's jump right in here with some key takeaways for this particular section of the training.

00:53:07.000 --> 00:53:17.000
So, uh… The recommendations that we're going to talk about here really have to do with a number of different aspects of the overall remedy.

00:53:17.000 --> 00:53:22.000
Uh, that, uh, that Lucas talked about. One, of course, is.

00:53:22.000 --> 00:53:31.000
is the subsurface performance because, you know, obviously what we're trying to do is implement change in the subsurface, so a lot of our recommendations are going to be dealing with that.

00:53:31.000 --> 00:53:41.000
Particularly. Another aspect is the above-ground treatment system for the extracted water. So some of the recommendations will address those.

00:53:41.000 --> 00:53:52.000
And the other major aspect are the recommendations for optimization of the monitoring program, both for the subsurface performance and the above-ground treatment performance. So.

00:53:52.000 --> 00:53:57.000
Uh, we'll… we'll talk about each of those particular sections.

00:53:57.000 --> 00:54:07.000
Lastly, some of the recommendations are. really going to be geared towards either integrating the pump and treat system, kind of as we talked about in the Q&A session.

00:54:07.000 --> 00:54:15.000
Uh, with other technologies. Uh, or, uh, transitioning to monitor natural attenuation.

00:54:15.000 --> 00:54:21.000
And ultimately to, you know, the closure of the site and attainment of the overall remedies.

00:54:21.000 --> 00:54:26.000
And a lot of that transition discussion is going to come in the next.

00:54:26.000 --> 00:54:34.000
section of this training and Bruce Kennington will be discussing that here shortly.

00:54:34.000 --> 00:54:43.000
Cool. Before I get into all that kind of, you know, discussion of the recommendations, I think it's important to discuss one aspect, kind of a.

00:54:43.000 --> 00:54:57.000
a social aspect of optimization where you have. You know, some group of individuals or an individual who is responsible for conducting the performance evaluation, developing these recommendations.

00:54:57.000 --> 00:55:05.000
A lot of times, they're independent from the folks who are actually operating the remedy, or responsible for the remedy.

00:55:05.000 --> 00:55:10.000
And just having an optimization study done can be intimidating.

00:55:10.000 --> 00:55:22.000
to those people who are actively involved in managing the day-to-day aspects of that project. They're afraid in a lot of cases, certainly in my experience, having done a lot of different optimization studies.

00:55:22.000 --> 00:55:29.000
They're apprehensive about being considered a failure because these recommendations will come up and.

00:55:29.000 --> 00:55:38.000
And it'll look bad for them, but the way I approach it is that they shouldn't be apprehensive. You shouldn't fear.

00:55:38.000 --> 00:55:46.000
the optimization, because for one thing, it's natural to have changes in a remedy. You know, after all.

00:55:46.000 --> 00:55:57.000
We are trying to make changes occur in the subsurface, and as a result, even of a successful program, we're going to want to adaptively manage.

00:55:57.000 --> 00:56:03.000
And change our remedy to reflect those changes in the subsurface.

00:56:03.000 --> 00:56:08.000
A lot of pump and treat systems have a long history. A lot of the.

00:56:08.000 --> 00:56:14.000
systems that I looked at were designed even decades ago.

00:56:14.000 --> 00:56:19.000
And technologies and concepts, and best practices have changed a lot.

00:56:19.000 --> 00:56:26.000
Since the original system was designed. So, you know, we want to take advantage of and leverage these.

00:56:26.000 --> 00:56:43.000
improvements in equipment and practices and get those out there. And, um… So that's… that's an important aspect to it. So, the optimization should be forward-looking, and it's not a blame game. We're not looking backwards, you know, why this hasn't been done before.

00:56:43.000 --> 00:57:04.000
And really what's best is if we can integrate the existing project team into the process of conducting the optimization, seeking their input, asking questions of them, valuing their input, I think that's very important. In my experience, one of my favorite things is to actually talk with the operators for the systems.

00:57:04.000 --> 00:57:11.000
A lot of times, they have felt not really open or not really invited.

00:57:11.000 --> 00:57:19.000
to provide their feedback, and so the optimization study is an opportunity to elicit some kind of feedback.

00:57:19.000 --> 00:57:26.000
from those people involved in the project and give them a voice. And by doing that, I think it really reduces.

00:57:26.000 --> 00:57:40.000
the apprehensive that people may have about it. So, anyway, I think… I just wanted to make that really clear at this point, because there… there has been that kind of situation that I've run into before.

00:57:40.000 --> 00:57:44.000
Okay, so let's… let's now talk about the different kinds of.

00:57:44.000 --> 00:57:55.000
recommendations here. And, um, one… sort of category that really gets to the subsurface performance, but I consider kind of a separate thing, is.

00:57:55.000 --> 00:58:02.000
Recommendations that address changes to the conceptual site model, and this is discussed.

00:58:02.000 --> 00:58:12.000
In Section 4.2 of the guidance document. Um, and, you know, one of the key ones, one of the most common ones in my experience.

00:58:12.000 --> 00:58:24.000
is really a recommendation to conduct additional source characterization, and this is often driven by the observation during the performance evaluation, as Patricia talked about.

00:58:24.000 --> 00:58:30.000
of maybe persistent high concentrations within certain parts of the plume.

00:58:30.000 --> 00:58:37.000
That might be indicative of a longer-term source. And so maybe doing more source characterization.

00:58:37.000 --> 00:58:46.000
It will help us identify the appropriate approach. to dealing with these recalcitrant areas like that. So this is a very common.

00:58:46.000 --> 00:58:53.000
In my experience, kind of a recommendation. Another one, uh, is to.

00:58:53.000 --> 00:59:01.000
look at the site history. What was done at the site? Are there any additional contaminants that should be considered?

00:59:01.000 --> 00:59:07.000
Uh, we heard a little bit already with the discussion today.

00:59:07.000 --> 00:59:14.000
about contaminants, emerging contaminants like PFAS or 1,4-Dioxane or perchlorate or whatever.

00:59:14.000 --> 00:59:19.000
Um, a lot of times, recommendations are made for the project team to think about.

00:59:19.000 --> 00:59:23.000
Uh, looking for those if they haven't in the past.

00:59:23.000 --> 00:59:32.000
Another area is to make recommendations, anticipating, perhaps, future changes, either as a result of climate change.

00:59:32.000 --> 00:59:36.000
or development of groundwater resources in the surrounding area.

00:59:36.000 --> 00:59:44.000
Or, you know, something like that, that may affect groundwater flow directions or the availability.

00:59:44.000 --> 00:59:48.000
of saturated thickness in the affected aquifer that will affect the ability to pump.

00:59:48.000 --> 00:59:58.000
water, those kind of recommendations, um, you know, are sometimes made where that seems to be likely or has been observed as part of the.

00:59:58.000 --> 01:00:07.000
Uh, performance evaluation. I should point out here that there's a lot of good ITRC guidance on some of these topics.

01:00:07.000 --> 01:00:13.000
Um, for example, ITRC has some guidance on advanced eye characterization.

01:00:13.000 --> 01:00:17.000
That's very helpful for doing the additional source characterization.

01:00:17.000 --> 01:00:28.000
Uh, that may be appropriate at some sites. Okay, so at this point, let's do a poll question. You know, I've kind of given you my experience here.

01:00:28.000 --> 01:00:38.000
Uh, but I'm curious what… what people's experiences have been on the need to do additional source characterization or site characterization.

01:00:38.000 --> 01:00:48.000
After the pump and treat system has been installed and has been operated for a while, have you seen that? And so, please answer, you know, one of the four options here.

01:00:48.000 --> 01:00:58.000
You know, yes, you've seen it in the source area, or yes, you've seen it, you know, in other areas of the plume to maybe, you know, resolve the plume boundaries a little bit better.

01:00:58.000 --> 01:01:11.000
Uh, maybe both or multiple areas, or maybe your experience has been, nope, you know, the site characterization that was done initially was just fine and dandy. We don't have to do any more.

01:01:11.000 --> 01:01:17.000
Let's see what people have to say. Uh, about that. Certainly, in my experience, I.

01:01:17.000 --> 01:01:26.000
I could probably check several of those boxes, so… Uh, let's see what… let's see what people say.

01:01:26.000 --> 01:01:35.000
And when, uh… Taylor, when you're ready, if you can just kind of throw the results out there.

01:01:35.000 --> 01:01:39.000
Once… once we have enough time for people to have responded.

01:01:39.000 --> 01:01:48.000
So, you can see that a majority, anyway, of folks have seen the need for additional site characterization.

01:01:48.000 --> 01:01:56.000
Uh, in multiple areas. And that's certainly been my experience. There's been a few where I haven't seen the need to do.

01:01:56.000 --> 01:02:06.000
barsay characterization, but it's a very common. situation and the recommendations are common. So thank you. Very good for participating in that.

01:02:06.000 --> 01:02:14.000
Okay, so… Again, you know, one of our primary goals here is to implement change in the subsurface.

01:02:14.000 --> 01:02:21.000
And so, a lot of our recommendations, you know, are expectedly geared towards the subsurface conditions here.

01:02:21.000 --> 01:02:29.000
And as discussed in Section 4.3.1 of the guidance document, there's a number of different typical recommendations. One is.

01:02:29.000 --> 01:02:42.000
To adjust our pumping allocation. Uh, you know, maybe pumping harder in areas where it may seem that we haven't had adequate, uh.

01:02:42.000 --> 01:02:52.000
capture of a plume if containment is our goal, or it may be to reduce pumping or eliminate pumping in areas where the plume has shrunk and we no longer need to.

01:02:52.000 --> 01:03:05.000
pump in those areas to maintain our objectives. Um, if… if a detailed capture zone analysis was not done as part of the performance evaluation, maybe a more cursory evaluation was done.

01:03:05.000 --> 01:03:12.000
A recommendation may actually be to do a more formal capture zone analysis in accordance with EPA guidance, and there's a.

01:03:12.000 --> 01:03:17.000
a link in the slides, uh, if you download those for the EPA guidance on that.

01:03:17.000 --> 01:03:28.000
Um… So, you know, other, uh, recommendations related to the subsurface may be to do more aggressive pumping.

01:03:28.000 --> 01:03:33.000
Or to combine injection of clean or treated water.

01:03:33.000 --> 01:03:46.000
with pumping in order to speed the flushing of the aquifer and accelerate the cleanup and shrinking of the plume, particularly where you have dissolve phase only.

01:03:46.000 --> 01:03:52.000
And modest concentrations, relatively permeable aquifers, as we talked about before, that paired.

01:03:52.000 --> 01:04:00.000
extraction and injection can do a pretty effective job at reducing the footprint of the plume.

01:04:00.000 --> 01:04:11.000
I've certainly seen that in my experience. In some cases, we might make recommendations to make our subsurface.

01:04:11.000 --> 01:04:20.000
system more resilient. Uh, particularly considering, uh, anticipated changes due to climate change in the long term.

01:04:20.000 --> 01:04:28.000
Uh, maybe, uh, you know, or due to the development in the area, you may have a declining water table or declining piezometric head.

01:04:28.000 --> 01:04:36.000
that would reduce our ability to pump. And so, we might have to prepare ourselves for that. Recommendations can be made to that.

01:04:36.000 --> 01:04:43.000
Section 6 of our guidance document talks in more detail about some of the resiliency.

01:04:43.000 --> 01:04:46.000
kind of considerations that you might want to look at.

01:04:46.000 --> 01:04:59.000
Um, I want to point out, too, that there are some fairly sophisticated tools that work with groundwater flow and transport, or groundwater flow models.

01:04:59.000 --> 01:05:04.000
That can help optimize the pumping rates and locations.

01:05:04.000 --> 01:05:12.000
To achieve certain objectives subject to certain constraints. The section of the guidance document in section 4 here.

01:05:12.000 --> 01:05:19.000
has some links for that. There's also discussion about modeling in Appendix A.

01:05:19.000 --> 01:05:24.000
I refer you to that, but these tools are very powerful and can help identify.

01:05:24.000 --> 01:05:37.000
Uh, optimal arrangement. that otherwise you might not be able to really see through a simple trial and error method, so… Uh, you might want to look at that.

01:05:37.000 --> 01:05:44.000
Another area of common recommendations related to the subsurface has to do with well rehabilitation.

01:05:44.000 --> 01:05:52.000
and well following. Biofouling in particular is a common problem at these sites. Mineral precipitation on well screens, too.

01:05:52.000 --> 01:06:01.000
And so, sometimes recommendations about more effective well-maintenance practices are very appropriate. There's a good section in the document on that.

01:06:01.000 --> 01:06:08.000
Refer you to that. And then, um, of course, we've got to get the water.

01:06:08.000 --> 01:06:14.000
from the wells to the treatment plant, and so you've got the conveyance system, as Lucas was talking about.

01:06:14.000 --> 01:06:19.000
Um, and sometimes those problems from the wells propagate into the piping, and so.

01:06:19.000 --> 01:06:29.000
Uh, some recommendations in terms of either preventing. Following or precipitation issues within the piping, or.

01:06:29.000 --> 01:06:34.000
You know, appropriate maintenance activities for cleaning the pipes, picking the pipes out, or whatever.

01:06:34.000 --> 01:06:40.000
Uh, you know, may be appropriate. So that… those are other kinds of recommendations.

01:06:40.000 --> 01:06:52.000
Okay, so let's, uh, let's go on to the above ground part of the system here, and this is discussed in Section 4.3.3 of the document.

01:06:52.000 --> 01:06:57.000
And, um, you know, the recommendations that address issues.

01:06:57.000 --> 01:07:05.000
Uh, with the above-ground treatment system, really, of course, depend on the equipment and processes that are a part of that.

01:07:05.000 --> 01:07:11.000
And we can't really, um, you know, address all those specifically here in training like that.

01:07:11.000 --> 01:07:16.000
But there are some checklists, and there's a link.

01:07:16.000 --> 01:07:22.000
from Appendix D to some checklists that have to do with, uh.

01:07:22.000 --> 01:07:29.000
The various technologies that you might run into in a treatment plant that you might want to look at.

01:07:29.000 --> 01:07:34.000
And some of the optimization recommendations may be as simple as just.

01:07:34.000 --> 01:07:45.000
tweaking the pumping rates or dosages or whatever for different components. It can be as simple as that. That's particularly relevant where you may have.

01:07:45.000 --> 01:07:53.000
A situation where the operating conditions in terms of concentrations, flow rates, and pressures are different.

01:07:53.000 --> 01:08:02.000
than what they were designed for, so those kind of tweaks might be appropriate, so that's a… that's always a good indication that optimization's, you know, necessary.

01:08:02.000 --> 01:08:07.000
But, um, uh, in other situations, it may not be so straightforward.

01:08:07.000 --> 01:08:17.000
You may actually want to swap out specific pieces of equipment for newer equipment that are more reliable or more efficient or more cost-effective.

01:08:17.000 --> 01:08:34.000
Um, you know, based on, you know. newer technology, maybe, that have become available since the original system was designed. Um, you know, I've seen a number of, you know, that kind of changes, say, from a tower airstripper to a low-profile airstripper, for example.

01:08:34.000 --> 01:08:41.000
And so, in some cases, there may be a wholesale replacement of.

01:08:41.000 --> 01:08:52.000
The treatment system with new technology, so. Uh, there's a range of, or spectrum, of significance of these recommendations.

01:08:52.000 --> 01:08:58.000
And I'll point out that it may be appropriate to have, you know.

01:08:58.000 --> 01:09:09.000
Recommendations that both include the simple. tweaks to the existing system and the more elaborate swaps of, you know, major pieces of equipment.

01:09:09.000 --> 01:09:15.000
and leave it to the project team to actually decide what makes the most sense.

01:09:15.000 --> 01:09:28.000
Um, another area that usually sticks out with recommendations on the above-ground equipment is where you've got a lot of maintenance issues, uh, where operating the system's very labor-intensive.

01:09:28.000 --> 01:09:40.000
Uh, if labor costs are. The big part of the cost for the site, increasing automation with some type of, uh, site control and data acquisition systems.

01:09:40.000 --> 01:09:47.000
Automatic call-outs, whatever, you may be able to reduce the amount of time an operator has to be on site.

01:09:47.000 --> 01:09:52.000
That can reduce labor costs. Again, replacing some of the equipment.

01:09:52.000 --> 01:10:02.000
We're doing better preventative maintenance and having recommendations for that may be appropriate as another way to reduce the amount of labor associated with this.

01:10:02.000 --> 01:10:11.000
Okay, so, um… The other major area of optimization recommendations has to do with the monitoring.

01:10:11.000 --> 01:10:17.000
Both for the subsurface and the above-ground treatment system to verify their performance.

01:10:17.000 --> 01:10:21.000
This was discussed in Section 4.3.2 of the document.

01:10:21.000 --> 01:10:32.000
Um, obviously this is really hinging on the conceptual site model, both in terms of groundwater flow and flow rates, as well as exposure points.

01:10:32.000 --> 01:10:41.000
Um, it… the… optimization recommendations for the monitoring program itself, for the… both above ground and below ground.

01:10:41.000 --> 01:10:47.000
really have to do with how frequently you sample, where you sample.

01:10:47.000 --> 01:10:56.000
and how you sample. And then along with that are the analytical methods that would be appropriate for the samples that are obtained.

01:10:56.000 --> 01:11:00.000
And then, you know, how elaborate the reports are.

01:11:00.000 --> 01:11:09.000
And how often they're issued. factor into this too, and so recommendations often address a lot of those.

01:11:09.000 --> 01:11:19.000
those aspects. Um, the, uh… Um, sample frequency can be based on just how rapidly groundwater.

01:11:19.000 --> 01:11:26.000
conditions are changing, or how close to an exposure point, maybe a production well or something like that.

01:11:26.000 --> 01:11:35.000
Uh, the contamination is, obviously, the faster it's moving, or the more immediate the risk, the more frequent the sampling.

01:11:35.000 --> 01:11:40.000
So, you might want to ramp up sampling frequency there.

01:11:40.000 --> 01:11:48.000
Um, sampling locations, um, can be excluded once the plume shrinks. That's another common recommendation.

01:11:48.000 --> 01:12:06.000
Particularly with volatile organic compounds. sampling methods over the last 20 years or more have really evolved to passive sampling at a much more reduced cost than, say, some type of purging and sampling.

01:12:06.000 --> 01:12:10.000
techniques that can result in a significant cost reduction.

01:12:10.000 --> 01:12:17.000
Um, there are a number of automated computer-based tools that have been developed, many of them by the U.S. Air Force, actually.

01:12:17.000 --> 01:12:24.000
Uh, that help you work through the process of identifying the appropriate sample frequencies and locations.

01:12:24.000 --> 01:12:30.000
Appendix A has an overview of a number of those tools, and I refer you to that.

01:12:30.000 --> 01:12:36.000
Um, any changes that are made as a result of these recommendations to the monitoring programs.

01:12:36.000 --> 01:12:41.000
often have to be coordinated with the appropriate stakeholders, including the regulatory agencies.

01:12:41.000 --> 01:12:48.000
And so, I refer you to Section 7 on the regulatory considerations in our guidance document.

01:12:48.000 --> 01:12:54.000
Um, for some of those aspects for these kind of recommendations.

01:12:54.000 --> 01:13:05.000
Okay, so the, uh… The last major area has to do with integrating.

01:13:05.000 --> 01:13:20.000
Uh, or transitioning other technologies. Uh, and pump and treat. So, in some cases, incorporating other technologies with, say, pump and treat, particularly where it's used for containment.

01:13:20.000 --> 01:13:25.000
Uh, it's appropriate, where we may do some kind of in situ treatment to address.

01:13:25.000 --> 01:13:32.000
Uh, high concentrations in the source area, or areas that are having persistent concentrations.

01:13:32.000 --> 01:13:37.000
Uh, that can facilitate the performance overall of the pump and tree system.

01:13:37.000 --> 01:13:44.000
Or, as we talked about before, that… and I think Lucas actually answered a question about this.

01:13:44.000 --> 01:13:54.000
is that pump and treat can be a mechanism, particularly if you've got extraction and injection, of distributing amendments for some of these other in-situ technologies.

01:13:54.000 --> 01:14:03.000
So, uh, pump and treat and in situ treatment technologies are not mutually exclusive. They can be very.

01:14:03.000 --> 01:14:15.000
Uh, symbiotic. Other situations, as I mentioned, particularly as the plume shrinks and the concentrations decline, hopefully over time.

01:14:15.000 --> 01:14:23.000
that some parts of the plume may not need active extraction and containment. They may actually dissipate under monitor natural attenuation.

01:14:23.000 --> 01:14:31.000
Um, and, you know, eventually, you know, the whole thing, the whole plume could be transitioned to monitor national attenuation.

01:14:31.000 --> 01:14:40.000
And our next section of the training will discuss that, and Bruce Kennington will be going through that in more detail.

01:14:40.000 --> 01:14:50.000
Um, so groundwater extraction can be an interim measure to stabilize a plume and prevent continued migration towards an exposure point.

01:14:50.000 --> 01:14:57.000
While other technologies are being considered, um, and I've certainly seen that done.

01:14:57.000 --> 01:15:02.000
Uh, and we've already talked about how pump entry and other technologies.

01:15:02.000 --> 01:15:11.000
in situ ISCO or bioremediation Institute Thermal can. really be integrated together.

01:15:11.000 --> 01:15:20.000
Okay. So, the last, uh, topic that I… kind of want to talk about here really has to do.

01:15:20.000 --> 01:15:32.000
with, you know, how we present back. to the project team, the… the output from our recommendations, and one of that has to do… one aspect that has to do with the cost.

01:15:32.000 --> 01:15:40.000
Uh, we want to be able to give costs of these recommendations back to the project team so that they can kind of do this.

01:15:40.000 --> 01:15:51.000
trade-off of the cost for implementing the recommendations versus the benefits in terms of, you know, avoided future costs or improved performance and reliability.

01:15:51.000 --> 01:16:01.000
on their own. So, um… Really need to have at least some rough cost estimates for these recommendations, and I'll point out.

01:16:01.000 --> 01:16:06.000
That it can be particularly difficult to assess the cost impacts.

01:16:06.000 --> 01:16:14.000
For investments, say, in more aggressive pumping or other aggressive treatment of hotspots.

01:16:14.000 --> 01:16:22.000
on the long-term costs. You know, it's easier to estimate the upfront capital and operational costs for those.

01:16:22.000 --> 01:16:28.000
short-term aggressive. actions, but it's very difficult without the use of modeling.

01:16:28.000 --> 01:16:33.000
to estimate what your avoided costs are, given the long timeframe.

01:16:33.000 --> 01:16:39.000
for these pump and treat systems. So, usually some type of groundwater modeling.

01:16:39.000 --> 01:16:43.000
Uh, flow and transport model would be necessary to quantify that.

01:16:43.000 --> 01:16:52.000
Lastly, um, the optimization recommendations and the performance evaluation results.

01:16:52.000 --> 01:16:59.000
need to be documented in some type of report, and the complexity of that report really depends on the intended audience.

01:16:59.000 --> 01:17:04.000
If the document is going to be shared not only with the project.

01:17:04.000 --> 01:17:13.000
team implementing the remedy, but also stakeholders, it may be good to have a standalone document that includes project background, objectives.

01:17:13.000 --> 01:17:18.000
A description of the current system and conditions, plume conditions.

01:17:18.000 --> 01:17:24.000
Uh, and objectives along with the performance evaluation results and the recommendations.

01:17:24.000 --> 01:17:30.000
If the report is more just for the people operating the system, well, they probably already know.

01:17:30.000 --> 01:17:40.000
The conditions, or it's documented at other reports, and the focus in that case could be on the finding and recommendations alone, along with those cost impacts.

01:17:40.000 --> 01:17:50.000
Okay. So, we're… we're gonna do another poll question, and it's kind of a quiz to see if you paid attention.

01:17:50.000 --> 01:17:56.000
So, I'm going to set up kind of a scenario here, hypothetical one, and I'd like you to answer this poll question.

01:17:56.000 --> 01:18:04.000
So, let's say we have a pump and treat system that has been operating now for over 30 years, since 1992.

01:18:04.000 --> 01:18:09.000
Uh, extracted water is treated for volatile organics by airstripping.

01:18:09.000 --> 01:18:21.000
There's a lot of labor costs, there's a lot of maintenance costs as the equipment is now, you know, over 30 years old. Um, and we've made some progress. The volatile organic.

01:18:21.000 --> 01:18:30.000
Plume has been reduced. Uh, by about half in area, and has been reduced in concentration by about 70%.

01:18:30.000 --> 01:18:35.000
What do you think, and this is, you know, where the poll question can come up here.

01:18:35.000 --> 01:18:45.000
What do you think would be the appropriate actions here? Check any of these or all of these, whatever you think might be.

01:18:45.000 --> 01:18:51.000
Possible recommendations, uh, that might end up in that report I was just talking about. So.

01:18:51.000 --> 01:19:08.000
Think about this, you know, should we increase the amount of automation in the treatment plan? Should we replace some of the equipment or well pumps or pumps in the treatment plant? Should we optimize the pumping locations and flow rates?

01:19:08.000 --> 01:19:19.000
Should we rehabilitate the wells and piping? You know, what might be a possible recommendation? So let's give you a moment to check.

01:19:19.000 --> 01:19:24.000
A box or boxes. And, uh, we'll see what people think.

01:19:24.000 --> 01:19:35.000
So… Taylor, when, uh, when it looks like we've got a lot of reaction, let's go ahead and show those results.

01:19:35.000 --> 01:19:47.000
And we can see that most of the boxes got checked by most everybody, and that's good. I think everybody was listening, so… Very good. I'm proud of you. So let's go ahead and close that.

01:19:47.000 --> 01:19:57.000
And, uh, we're going to finish up this section here with a discussion going back to our threaded through case study from Baytown.

01:19:57.000 --> 01:20:02.000
Um, there was a optimization study done in 2011.

01:20:02.000 --> 01:20:09.000
Uh, this was, uh, what EPA called a remediation system evaluation light, because it didn't involve a site visit and a.

01:20:09.000 --> 01:20:15.000
The report was a little abbreviated. Uh, I actually was a participant in this… in this particular study.

01:20:15.000 --> 01:20:23.000
There were a number of recommendations made, and these included recommendation to more fully address the source area.

01:20:23.000 --> 01:20:33.000
Uh, in a… in a staged approach using. Um, tracer study to better understand the source area.

01:20:33.000 --> 01:20:42.000
Um… there was also a recommendation to do some additional modeling for natural attenuation processes, particularly with reactive minerals.

01:20:42.000 --> 01:20:48.000
Uh, there was a recommendation to conduct a capture zone analysis.

01:20:48.000 --> 01:20:54.000
Per the EPA guidance, because it was kind of a light optimization.

01:20:54.000 --> 01:21:01.000
The detailed capture zone wasn't, uh, analysis wasn't done, and it was a recommendation of the report.

01:21:01.000 --> 01:21:10.000
And then there were specific recommendations to improve the monitoring program, such as to adopt a passive sampling approach with a passive diffusion bag.

01:21:10.000 --> 01:21:16.000
sampler to do better trend analysis for some of the private wells.

01:21:16.000 --> 01:21:21.000
We also had some recommendations for the above-ground treatment system.

01:21:21.000 --> 01:21:28.000
Including to, uh, you know, as simple as reducing the blower flow rates on the air stripper, the air-water ratio is pretty high.

01:21:28.000 --> 01:21:34.000
To re-evaluate the point of use carbon systems on residential wells affected by the plume.

01:21:34.000 --> 01:21:42.000
Some of the systems are pretty small. If they could be enlarged, it would save a lot on maintenance for changing out those.

01:21:42.000 --> 01:21:49.000
Smaller carbon systems. Um, there were other recommendations that, uh, that you can see here.

01:21:49.000 --> 01:21:58.000
Um, and by the way, this, this, um… Optimization report is available online if you go to FRTR.

01:21:58.000 --> 01:22:04.000
dot gov slash optimization and search case studies, you'll find the report for this one.

01:22:04.000 --> 01:22:20.000
So, um… With that, uh, let's just kind of summarize some of the key takeaways. Again, the recommendations as part of the process optimization may include modifications to the treatment system, to the monitoring system.

01:22:20.000 --> 01:22:29.000
And, you know, really, again, the focus should be on the subsurface performance, the extraction and injection system.

01:22:29.000 --> 01:22:39.000
And then, um, not unusual to have some of those conceptual site model recommendation type.

01:22:39.000 --> 01:22:50.000
Items included, including additional site characterization or source characterization, and that, again, just to reemphasize that.

01:22:50.000 --> 01:22:55.000
Providing the project team with some costs for the recommendations.

01:22:55.000 --> 01:23:00.000
Helps them make decisions about what to implement, what makes sense to implement.

01:23:00.000 --> 01:23:06.000
So, uh… Again, some of the recommendations are going to deal with transitioning.

01:23:06.000 --> 01:23:15.000
to natural attenuation or other technologies, and with that, we're going to go ahead and go into our next section.

01:23:15.000 --> 01:23:27.000
And I'm going to turn it over to Bruce Kennington.

01:23:27.000 --> 01:23:38.000
Thank you, David. Good afternoon, everyone, um, and we'll… the next section we'll be discussing here is transition and termination of a pump and treat system.

01:23:38.000 --> 01:23:43.000
At this particular point in the life cycle of the remedial system.

01:23:43.000 --> 01:23:50.000
Uh, it may have been gone through performance evaluation or multiple phases of evaluation to.

01:23:50.000 --> 01:23:59.000
Make sure it's performing as designed. Also, further, it also may have gone through multiple phases of optimization.

01:23:59.000 --> 01:24:10.000
Um, you know, Patricia presented on the performance evaluation as part of Section 3 of the guidance document, and Dave just finished talking about.

01:24:10.000 --> 01:24:18.000
of the optimization approaches you can take for public treat systems. So, at this particular stage, it's acknowledged or understood that.

01:24:18.000 --> 01:24:23.000
You've already completed those things for a particular pump and treat system at a site.

01:24:23.000 --> 01:24:28.000
Um, what we have here is essentially a step-by-step process to help provide guidance.

01:24:28.000 --> 01:24:34.000
Uh, and, um, you know, sort of lay this out in a logical, step-by-step fashion.

01:24:34.000 --> 01:24:41.000
Um, it's acknowledged that, you know, not all sites are the same, and that there are complexities that may be involved, both.

01:24:41.000 --> 01:24:49.000
you know, from the site setting to the regulatory environment that you may be facing. And so, not every project is going to follow things exactly.

01:24:49.000 --> 01:24:54.000
Um, but it does follow along the lines of adaptive management principles.

01:24:54.000 --> 01:24:59.000
Uh, so that you're, you know, doing something with a remedy to recognize shortcomings.

01:24:59.000 --> 01:25:08.000
Uh, not all particular reading technologies are perfect in what they do. Um, you know, today, particularly, it's multiple types of technologies.

01:25:08.000 --> 01:25:17.000
that are typically used to address a contaminated site. You don't have the silver bullet that will deal with everything, so… This'll take you through a step-by-step approach.

01:25:17.000 --> 01:25:26.000
for, uh, transition and termination. So here we are in the overall process that we laid out at the very beginning of this presentation.

01:25:26.000 --> 01:25:29.000
In terms of the optimization lifecycle for a pump and treat system.

01:25:29.000 --> 01:25:35.000
Uh, and where we are, you know, now, uh, is down at the bottom, uh, right, where.

01:25:35.000 --> 01:25:43.000
you're looking to transition the pump and treat system, um, either to another technology that may be more effective.

01:25:43.000 --> 01:25:51.000
A lot of times, monitored natural attenuation sometimes is effective in that particular way, where continued operation of the pump and treat system just has.

01:25:51.000 --> 01:26:02.000
diminishing returns. And so, you're looking at transitioning from puppetry either altogether, hard stop, or transitioning to another technology to essentially.

01:26:02.000 --> 01:26:09.000
Um, you know, reach the final objectives. Uh, and the remedial goals that may be established for a site.

01:26:09.000 --> 01:26:21.000
So, here we are at the very end of this optimization lifecycle.

01:26:21.000 --> 01:26:25.000
Some key takeaways that we'll be talking about here in the Section 5.

01:26:25.000 --> 01:26:32.000
transition, uh, is, you know, what are key indicators for pump and street transition and termination? Are we there yet?

01:26:32.000 --> 01:26:38.000
Um, you know, where do we go from here? Um, and we'll talk about different lines of evidence or key indicators.

01:26:38.000 --> 01:26:47.000
That may signal that you're there and that you're ready to think about, um, how you can take the remedy to the next, uh, stage, uh, or phase in the project.

01:26:47.000 --> 01:26:53.000
Um, certainly to assess. Uh, continually, the performance of the pump and tree system, will it be able to achieve?

01:26:53.000 --> 01:27:01.000
Uh, the remedial objectives within a reasonable time frame. So these are the things that you look at at this particular stage in the process.

01:27:01.000 --> 01:27:09.000
Uh, for, uh, for pump and treat. We'll talk about a transition plan. Um, you know, transition plan in this particular context.

01:27:09.000 --> 01:27:15.000
is gathering the necessary information to strengthen your lines of evidence that you.

01:27:15.000 --> 01:27:26.000
Uh, identified in the upper bullet there for key indicators, so… You have a feeling that something's taking place just based on, um, the plume behavior in response to pump and treat.

01:27:26.000 --> 01:27:31.000
Uh, or how the system itself is performing in terms of influent concentrations.

01:27:31.000 --> 01:27:39.000
reaching diminishing returns, all those sorts of things may sort of signal that. The transition plan you'd be looking to gather the information.

01:27:39.000 --> 01:27:45.000
Uh, to help, uh, support that, yep, that in fact is taking place. It's not just something that we think is happening.

01:27:45.000 --> 01:27:49.000
You're looking to strengthen that and essentially demonstrate that it is.

01:27:49.000 --> 01:27:59.000
Um, so, transition plan is really important. Um, it's also important from a standpoint that when we first start these remedial systems, a lot of times.

01:27:59.000 --> 01:28:10.000
We did an investigation, characterized the site, but a lot of times that information may not be perfect. Uh, and as you start to operate a remedial system, there'd be much more that you may learn.

01:28:10.000 --> 01:28:18.000
In terms of the behavior of the site, the contaminants, all those sorts of things, that can be very revealing. And what that goes into is what.

01:28:18.000 --> 01:28:24.000
Um, you know, some of our other presenters are talking about in their sections, which is updating the conceptual site model.

01:28:24.000 --> 01:28:31.000
You know, having a really good, like, process-based conceptual site model to update and support decision-making is really important.

01:28:31.000 --> 01:28:38.000
And this transition, you know, from pump and treat is no different.

01:28:38.000 --> 01:28:44.000
We'll talk about the step-by… a stepwise process, just essentially, you know, walk through what might be involved.

01:28:44.000 --> 01:28:50.000
Um, key in what you'll hear me repeatedly say, uh, is that timely, uh, and.

01:28:50.000 --> 01:28:55.000
Um, effective engagement of external stakeholders is very important.

01:28:55.000 --> 01:29:07.000
in pump and tree transition. Uh, it involves, certainly, your client, um, but also, you know, the other regulatory stakeholders, certainly United States, federal, and or state regulators.

01:29:07.000 --> 01:29:14.000
And it's important to bring them along the journey, uh, here, uh, and making that transition so that everyone is on the same page as best as you can.

01:29:14.000 --> 01:29:24.000
Um, uh, so that you can achieve acceptance. So, consensus building is very important in this process.

01:29:24.000 --> 01:29:29.000
As I said at the very beginning, not all sites are the same. So, you know, please keep an open mind here as we go through this.

01:29:29.000 --> 01:29:42.000
sort of step-by-step logic that we'll present here. But there are many ways it can, uh, that it may take place for your particular site. Uh, and so, planning is a really important part of this, which is anticipating what you may need.

01:29:42.000 --> 01:29:55.000
to satisfy something, so that you can make sure that that transition can take place, you know, effectively, but also, uh, reasonably.

01:29:55.000 --> 01:30:07.000
And I said this up front, got ahead of myself a little bit, but very important to make sure that you've got continued and active engagement of the stakeholders, regulatory folks, and.

01:30:07.000 --> 01:30:17.000
building consensus as you go on this journey. We'll do a quick poll question, similar to what we've done with the other, uh, sections that we've presented.

01:30:17.000 --> 01:30:22.000
Uh, this particular case, we're looking to ask everyone.

01:30:22.000 --> 01:30:30.000
For sites you've worked on, uh, what has been your experience with transitioning, you know, from pump and treat or terminating a pump and treat system?

01:30:30.000 --> 01:30:37.000
I would add that there is no correct answer here. So we're asking you to essentially, very quickly.

01:30:37.000 --> 01:30:42.000
you know, relate your experience, you know? What have you seen in regards to this?

01:30:42.000 --> 01:31:05.000
transition process. We'll wait till the… tallies build up here.

01:31:05.000 --> 01:31:13.000
Can we go ahead and see what the… what the… responses are, Taylor?

01:31:13.000 --> 01:31:18.000
Okay, well, this is… this is a little bit different than I've seen some of our presentations in the past.

01:31:18.000 --> 01:31:24.000
Um, uh, the heavy, uh, response here that we're receiving from the participants.

01:31:24.000 --> 01:31:30.000
is no experience with pump and treat transition. Which is one of the reasons why we wrote this guidance document.

01:31:30.000 --> 01:31:35.000
Um, you know, a logical approach, uh, and how you go about doing it certainly is helpful.

01:31:35.000 --> 01:31:41.000
But a lot of times there's resistance to change, particularly with a pump and treat system.

01:31:41.000 --> 01:31:47.000
you know, once you've got it in place and it's operating, people, for a number of reasons, can be reluctant to.

01:31:47.000 --> 01:31:56.000
transition from it. Um, so, you know, the assistance is, uh, hey, we've got it running, uh, it's still, you know, gonna do some good, let's just keep operating it.

01:31:56.000 --> 01:32:06.000
Uh, but this doesn't really, you know, satisfy. Uh, and really respond to, um, you know, sustainable, resilient remediation practices.

01:32:06.000 --> 01:32:10.000
Um, and as Dave pointed out, with a lot of.

01:32:10.000 --> 01:32:15.000
Uh, tech, you know, technologies, um, you know, they have certain limitations, they aren't perfect.

01:32:15.000 --> 01:32:21.000
Uh, and so adaptive management and change, uh, is part of any remedial process.

01:32:21.000 --> 01:32:27.000
Uh, so this is why, if you do have regulatory resistance to this thing, and I've countered it.

01:32:27.000 --> 01:32:32.000
Numerous times in my career, um, you know, trying to assure the regulators that.

01:32:32.000 --> 01:32:43.000
They're… they're not at risk. The horse is not going to leave the barn. It already has been dealt with by what the pump and treat system can actively, you know, address or remove or contain, uh, and that the.

01:32:43.000 --> 01:32:52.000
the real threat is no longer there. And so you look to strengthen those lines of evidence with those stakeholders, you know, their concerns are certainly recognized.

01:32:52.000 --> 01:33:00.000
But to show them, uh, to demonstrate, you know, through that process, that it really is not of concern, and that transition is, um.

01:33:00.000 --> 01:33:10.000
is a reasonable… Um, you know, approach, uh, that… where risks can be addressed by alternate remedial solutions.

01:33:10.000 --> 01:33:17.000
We'll move on to the next.

01:33:17.000 --> 01:33:26.000
Transitioning and termination planning. Um, what we're talking about here is identifying different technologies.

01:33:26.000 --> 01:33:31.000
that could either augment or replace a pump and treat system, so you might.

01:33:31.000 --> 01:33:40.000
Um, do a phased transition to shut down our mothball of pumping troop system, while an alternate remedial technology is used to address.

01:33:40.000 --> 01:33:48.000
The remaining contamination that may be present. Still, looking to achieve their medial objectives, but doing it in a more effective way.

01:33:48.000 --> 01:33:53.000
And we'll show this again in the one case study that we've gone back to in this presentation.

01:33:53.000 --> 01:33:57.000
you know, in the different sections here, we'll talk about the Baytown case study.

01:33:57.000 --> 01:34:05.000
Um, the other thing that's important here is that technologies aren't static, uh, that, you know, even over the past 10 to 20 years.

01:34:05.000 --> 01:34:17.000
And even further, since I've been practicing. you know, the improvements in what different in situ remedial technologies can achieve has dramatically improved. Also, regulatory acceptance, uh.

01:34:17.000 --> 01:34:24.000
And innovation in employing these different types of technologies is also vastly improved.

01:34:24.000 --> 01:34:32.000
you know, what this means is that we're getting more cost-effective, and also efficient at training the contamination in situ.

01:34:32.000 --> 01:34:42.000
Where in the public treat system, maybe at the end of its useful life, you know, it's not, uh, you know, the costs of operating, continued operation really don't justify.

01:34:42.000 --> 01:34:48.000
continued operation. Definition of insanity, using the Einstein paradigm, which is.

01:34:48.000 --> 01:34:52.000
you know, doing things over and over again, expecting different results.

01:34:52.000 --> 01:35:02.000
Um, you know, you get to that point where you have diminishing returns, it's really not doing anything, you know, further for you, and then maybe something that's better, better mouse prep, if you will.

01:35:02.000 --> 01:35:10.000
Uh, to address those things instead to, whether it be… and situ thermal, chemical oxidation, reduction, or other types of barrier technologies.

01:35:10.000 --> 01:35:21.000
Um, planning also, uh, is important to understand the limitations of different, you know, technologies and how you might go, uh, go about implementing them as part of that.

01:35:21.000 --> 01:35:32.000
transition plan, um, that can avoid, you know, costly do-overs, where you go to implement something, and I've seen this with ISCO projects, where they go in and, you know, try to.

01:35:32.000 --> 01:35:35.000
cut corners, whatever, and end up plugging the formation.

01:35:35.000 --> 01:35:38.000
Um, you know, so you can have costly do-overs like that that can take place.

01:35:38.000 --> 01:35:47.000
That can add costs and be inefficient. Uh, and again, having a plan and showing how you're going to go about doing it, the rationale.

01:35:47.000 --> 01:35:59.000
Uh, bodes very well to support stakeholder needs and confidence.

01:35:59.000 --> 01:36:04.000
So, as with any plan, you know, a transition plan lays out.

01:36:04.000 --> 01:36:09.000
your approach for either evaluating an alternate technology to pump and treat.

01:36:09.000 --> 01:36:15.000
Uh, or showing… doing a study, uh, that shows what the pump and treat system is actually doing.

01:36:15.000 --> 01:36:29.000
Um, you know, evaluating different things, such as. you know, the aquifer… evaluating the aquifer attenuation capacity, uh, and what the mass flux is contributing, or what remains of the mass flux, uh, the residual that may remain.

01:36:29.000 --> 01:36:31.000
you know, is that a threat or is that a risk?

01:36:31.000 --> 01:36:40.000
Uh, so these are different things that can be done to help support an alternate remedy selection to transition from a pump and treat system.

01:36:40.000 --> 01:36:45.000
that it's more effective, or to terminate the pump and treat system operation altogether.

01:36:45.000 --> 01:36:53.000
Um… One, uh, you know, you can… if you can think, if you have enough information, it can plan ahead.

01:36:53.000 --> 01:36:57.000
Um, this can be done transition planning can be done.

01:36:57.000 --> 01:37:07.000
At the time that the pump and treat system is designed and is part of the O&M plan, where you're collecting the information where you're anticipating that at some particular point you're going to be.

01:37:07.000 --> 01:37:16.000
at a stage when you would transition, and then you've got… by the time you get to that point, you've got the information to support that transition process.

01:37:16.000 --> 01:37:20.000
Uh, so, um, that's one thing that can do. If you can think ahead and do that.

01:37:20.000 --> 01:37:27.000
Um, it can take time to collect all this information, so, you know, gathering the data while you're operating the system.

01:37:27.000 --> 01:37:36.000
is really proactive and helps you. When you get to that point where you think, oh, we, you know, the puppetry system has done all it can do.

01:37:36.000 --> 01:37:43.000
Um, so, these are all fit together in that transition planning, you know, supporting, you know, how the treatment system is performing.

01:37:43.000 --> 01:37:56.000
Um, you know, how the plume is behaving in response to that, all those things are important to evaluate and consider in a transition plan.

01:37:56.000 --> 01:38:05.000
Next, we'll talk about different steps. Uh, step one, as I mentioned at the beginning, is trigger conditions. You know, you get to a point where.

01:38:05.000 --> 01:38:16.000
Um, you know, are we there yet? Uh, how much is enough? Uh, you know, uh… you know, what do we do now? Um, so, you may have indications.

01:38:16.000 --> 01:38:22.000
Again, plume behavior, asymptotic type behavior, uh, things of that nature, uh, dramatic drops and.

01:38:22.000 --> 01:38:36.000
the plume intensity, concentration, or aerial extent. Um, are things that might give you an indication that you're getting to that point.

01:38:36.000 --> 01:38:44.000
Next is the transition approach. This is tantamount to planning and gathering information to bolster those lines of evidence.

01:38:44.000 --> 01:38:53.000
Updating the conceptual site model. Now that you've operated this pump and treat system for a while, you may know a lot more now than you did when it was originally designed.

01:38:53.000 --> 01:38:58.000
Um, or after you've gone through multiple performance evaluation or optimizations.

01:38:58.000 --> 01:39:05.000
You know, all that information can help feed into, um, you know, an update to your conceptual site model.

01:39:05.000 --> 01:39:17.000
and lines of evidence that you're building to essentially strengthen the argument that transition is appropriate.

01:39:17.000 --> 01:39:30.000
And then the last step is implementing the transition. And this can be done in a number of ways. Certainly, there's a hard stop, you turn it off, you walk away. I've never seen that, but certainly it's within the realm of possibility.

01:39:30.000 --> 01:39:38.000
Um, more often, uh, it's, uh, doing a phased sort of shutdown, uh, or a phase transition, uh, is my experience.

01:39:38.000 --> 01:39:52.000
Um, and particularly if you're transitioning to another technology, like, even monitored natural attenuation, you know, so you may reduce or optimize the capture zone, particularly if your plume in your source area have shrunk.

01:39:52.000 --> 01:40:03.000
Uh, where you're treating. Uh, so that's addressed as part of the optimization that David spoke about earlier. Um, but that may mean that you have a much smaller area to treat, pump, and treat.

01:40:03.000 --> 01:40:11.000
Uh, and there may be other ancillary areas where the pump and treat system that's outside of those, and you can address those through some sort of alternate technology.

01:40:11.000 --> 01:40:15.000
or an incentive technology. And that's… we'll talk about that in the debate.

01:40:15.000 --> 01:40:22.000
town study.

01:40:22.000 --> 01:40:34.000
So here's an example of trigger conditions. You know, these are all these things that are indications that something is happening, or you've reached a point of diminishing return.

01:40:34.000 --> 01:40:39.000
You've got economic factors in here. There's efficiency that's involved.

01:40:39.000 --> 01:40:44.000
Um, and, uh, essentially, you've got increasing costs versus the benefits.

01:40:44.000 --> 01:40:49.000
You know, that are, um, uh, being experienced through continued operation.

01:40:49.000 --> 01:40:56.000
of the pumping tree.

01:40:56.000 --> 01:41:04.000
Another important consideration here throughout is that doing this as part of remedy optimization, or.

01:41:04.000 --> 01:41:16.000
Um, you know, adaptive management. Uh, is consistent with sustainable, resilient, and remedial considerations.

01:41:16.000 --> 01:41:23.000
This is just the basic graph of figure 5-2 from the guidance document that just demonstrate this. In this particular case.

01:41:23.000 --> 01:41:26.000
you know, the cost of what's being evaluated is.

01:41:26.000 --> 01:41:30.000
the amount of greenhouse gases that are being produced due to the energy consumption.

01:41:30.000 --> 01:41:35.000
Uh, from operation of the pump and tree system, um, as compared to the mass removal rate.

01:41:35.000 --> 01:41:41.000
Uh, by the pump and treat system. Uh, so, uh, again, this is the case of increased costs.

01:41:41.000 --> 01:41:47.000
versus diminishing returns of continued operation.

01:41:47.000 --> 01:41:51.000
Next, we get into the transition approach, which includes.

01:41:51.000 --> 01:41:57.000
identifying, you know, what alternatives to pump and treat. If you haven't, the pump and treat system.

01:41:57.000 --> 01:42:02.000
Um, you know, has done all that it can do. Again, that's… sometimes that's indicated based on.

01:42:02.000 --> 01:42:08.000
diminishing returns, asymptotic behavior, where you're not getting anything more.

01:42:08.000 --> 01:42:15.000
blood out of the stone, so to speak. And if you do work on fractured rock sites where you've got stuff diffused into the matrix.

01:42:15.000 --> 01:42:24.000
pumping any harder isn't gonna make it come out faster, so that's a good example of you've got as much blood as you can get out of that turnip, if you will.

01:42:24.000 --> 01:42:30.000
Um, and that transition to another remedy to address that may be more effective.

01:42:30.000 --> 01:42:34.000
And, you know, in order to be able to support that decision-making means.

01:42:34.000 --> 01:42:45.000
You know, you've got indications that things are taking place, you're looking at collecting the data to strengthen those lines of evidence.

01:42:45.000 --> 01:42:56.000
Here's an example. This is a table out of the guidance document, just, you know, sort of providing examples of different types of line of evidence.

01:42:56.000 --> 01:43:01.000
Uh, and outcomes that may be associated, you know, with it. So, you know, you may have.

01:43:01.000 --> 01:43:05.000
concentrations or remedial gold that you're looking to achieve.

01:43:05.000 --> 01:43:11.000
Um, you know, where the pump and treat system, uh, is… may or may not be able to achieve it.

01:43:11.000 --> 01:43:15.000
Uh, you know, relative to the goal. And there may be other technologies, um.

01:43:15.000 --> 01:43:31.000
Or combinations thereof that will have better outcomes. Um, same thing with plume behavior, and we've also got, you know, pump and treat system design performance and cost here as well.

01:43:31.000 --> 01:43:35.000
The last, but not least, is implementing things. So once you've got everything planned.

01:43:35.000 --> 01:43:43.000
Um, obviously key in this. Um, and hopefully, by this time, you've brought the regulatory and other stakeholders.

01:43:43.000 --> 01:43:50.000
you know, along with you, you're at to the point where everyone is saying, yep, that's correct, this is what should be done.

01:43:50.000 --> 01:43:57.000
Uh, and you're in a position where you can get the necessary approvals to actually implement the plan, implement the transition.

01:43:57.000 --> 01:44:02.000
Um, and like I said, this could be done in numerous different ways. Hard stop.

01:44:02.000 --> 01:44:07.000
phased, or, you know, continued pump and treat, maybe on a more diminished, sort of.

01:44:07.000 --> 01:44:13.000
Um, the amount of pumping that you're doing, where that's optimized in that particular way, and you've got another technology to address.

01:44:13.000 --> 01:44:19.000
the remaining portions of the. groundwater contamination using an alternate technology.

01:44:19.000 --> 01:44:24.000
Obviously, this would be very site-specific about how you go about doing it.

01:44:24.000 --> 01:44:37.000
But it all speaks to having that good transition plan, and then you've got the regulators on board to accept getting it implemented.

01:44:37.000 --> 01:44:50.000
So, yes, regulatory stakeholder engagement is critical. You don't want to wait to bring it, uh, announced to folks that you're looking to make a transition at this point. Again, I like the.

01:44:50.000 --> 01:44:56.000
put this akin to a journey, where you're bringing people along with you, uh, and looking for acceptance along the way.

01:44:56.000 --> 01:45:01.000
Certainly also so you can address whatever concerns that they may have, so you can collect.

01:45:01.000 --> 01:45:09.000
the necessary information to help support the case.

01:45:09.000 --> 01:45:22.000
For some reason, toilet… oh, there it goes. I couldn't get it to advance.

01:45:22.000 --> 01:45:36.000
I apologize, I'm having technical difficulties. Okay, um, system termination, uh, is after you've done everything, including implementation of the, um, the transition plan.

01:45:36.000 --> 01:45:44.000
is essentially securing, you know, the pump and treat system, uh, deactivating it. Uh, sometimes mothballing may be appropriate.

01:45:44.000 --> 01:45:54.000
Um, in some cases, because there may be concerns of other things, such as emerging contaminants that may have come up, PFAS is another good example of that.

01:45:54.000 --> 01:46:02.000
Um, where, uh, an assessment for PFAS may not have been done, and so people may, uh, regulators may want to see the pump and treat system.

01:46:02.000 --> 01:46:13.000
be mothballed in the event that you might be able to use it for that sort of remediation of those contaminants, for example. So these can be very site-specific here in terms of.

01:46:13.000 --> 01:46:20.000
ultimate deactivation and decommissioning of a pump and treat system.

01:46:20.000 --> 01:46:26.000
Baytown. Um, what they did at Baytown, again, super fun site in Minnesota.

01:46:26.000 --> 01:46:34.000
was a phased approach. They've been operating a pump and treat system for quite some time at this particular stage.

01:46:34.000 --> 01:46:42.000
When they did this, um, you know, phase transition, uh, they looked at… they identified that they had some source areas.

01:46:42.000 --> 01:46:46.000
that weren't being addressed by the public truth system, or when they did do.

01:46:46.000 --> 01:46:51.000
Uh, some, you know, shutdown tests of the pump and treat system. I believe they did see some rebound.

01:46:51.000 --> 01:46:57.000
Which is, uh, in response to the presence of these residual source areas that remained.

01:46:57.000 --> 01:47:07.000
Uh, so they look to essentially address those source areas using technologies that may be more effective at doing so, and those included, you know, first phase using chemical oxidation.

01:47:07.000 --> 01:47:10.000
Uh, and then they did another study or phase.

01:47:10.000 --> 01:47:14.000
Uh, which, you know, used, uh, enhanced reductive dechlorination.

01:47:14.000 --> 01:47:23.000
Um, and then once they… completed the transition and addressed those source areas and did monitoring to show that there wasn't further rebound.

01:47:23.000 --> 01:47:33.000
from those source areas, they transition to an M&A remedy. And overall, this took about 5 years.

01:47:33.000 --> 01:47:39.000
So, the first thing, again, following through the paradigm that we talked about for the shutdown or transition process.

01:47:39.000 --> 01:47:42.000
is, you know, what trigger conditions did they have?

01:47:42.000 --> 01:47:48.000
Um, and so they had a pump-and-treat system that's showing diminishing returns, but then when they turned it off, they had rebound.

01:47:48.000 --> 01:48:02.000
Um, so, they looked at different technologies. identified them, and then, uh, did, uh, these, um… different phased, uh, tests of alternate technologies. Again, using ISCO.

01:48:02.000 --> 01:48:10.000
ISCO was only moderately effective, and they did have some still rebound considerations there. The enhanced reductive dechlorination was more effective.

01:48:10.000 --> 01:48:15.000
And they didn't have those issues. And that enabled them to transition to M&A.

01:48:15.000 --> 01:48:19.000
Uh, and then they shut down the system, uh, in 2020.

01:48:19.000 --> 01:48:27.000
And then they're still doing monitoring, I believe.

01:48:27.000 --> 01:48:31.000
Revisiting the key takeaways that we present at the beginning, um, you know.

01:48:31.000 --> 01:48:36.000
What key indicators are you seeing with your pump and tree system based on its performance?

01:48:36.000 --> 01:48:39.000
You know, when is enough… when enough is enough?

01:48:39.000 --> 01:48:47.000
Is it time to make that change? Um, the importance of having a transition plan, um, and again, engaging the stakeholders up front and early.

01:48:47.000 --> 01:48:54.000
on what alternate technologies or better approaches for meeting the site are appropriate.

01:48:54.000 --> 01:49:02.000
Having that step-by-step process, uh, laying out all the different steps to implement the transition, you know.

01:49:02.000 --> 01:49:11.000
Such as, you know, are you gonna do a full stop on the pump and treat system, or is this going to be a phase transition, such as what they did in the Baytown case study?

01:49:11.000 --> 01:49:19.000
Um, you know, or another type of approach with the pump and tree system, where it's being… you're still continuing to operate the pump and treat system, but it may be.

01:49:19.000 --> 01:49:27.000
And a reduced capacity or a modified form, and you're using an alternate technology to address the other residual contamination.

01:49:27.000 --> 01:49:33.000
And every site is different. Um, you know, you have to be open, understand your regulatory process.

01:49:33.000 --> 01:49:40.000
Uh, and, you know, that can dramatically affect how you go about implementing things on a particular site.

01:49:40.000 --> 01:49:50.000
And as I've said all along, it's very important to engage the regulatory stakeholders early and often in the processes. Highly recommended.

01:49:50.000 --> 01:49:57.000
Back to you, Tyler.

01:49:57.000 --> 01:49:58.000
Okay, Bruce. Thank you, Bruce. We've covered a lot of material today.

01:49:58.000 --> 01:50:03.000
Or Michael?

01:50:03.000 --> 01:50:07.000
with our trainers, so let's… let's just do a quick recap.

01:50:07.000 --> 01:50:13.000
Uh, before we… before we move on. To, uh, to Taylor.

01:50:13.000 --> 01:50:19.000
Luke's walked us through the lifecycle optimization framework, which is covered in Section 2 of our guidance.

01:50:19.000 --> 01:50:24.000
Pat walked us through the, uh… Performance evaluation, which is Section 3.

01:50:24.000 --> 01:50:31.000
Dave walked… talked about the process optimization and management for evolving site conditions. It's outlined in Section 4.

01:50:31.000 --> 01:50:42.000
And Bruce, as we just heard about system transition and termination, which is Section 5.

01:50:42.000 --> 01:50:48.000
So the key takeaways… that we'd like to recap for the training today.

01:50:48.000 --> 01:50:55.000
Optimization should, and… can and should occur throughout the life cycle of the pump and treat system.

01:50:55.000 --> 01:51:02.000
We presented today a systematic process for performance evaluation, process optimization, and system transition.

01:51:02.000 --> 01:51:05.000
The process can and should be used throughout the life cycle.

01:51:05.000 --> 01:51:11.000
Regardless of the regulatory framework that you're in. Although that needs to be considered.

01:51:11.000 --> 01:51:18.000
in the process. Pump and treat optimization can be beneficial to all parties involved in the cleanup.

01:51:18.000 --> 01:51:22.000
Recommendations to optimize pump and treat systems are on perf.

01:51:22.000 --> 01:51:30.000
Or… based on iterative performance evaluation.

01:51:30.000 --> 01:51:33.000
And ultimately, as we talked about, pump and treat systems may.

01:51:33.000 --> 01:51:37.000
either meet the remediation objectives or will need to be transitioned.

01:51:37.000 --> 01:51:43.000
Optimization will improve an existing pump and treat system, but it can't fix everything.

01:51:43.000 --> 01:51:51.000
And then also the performance evaluation may demonstrate that the system cannot achieve the objectives alone, or possibly at all.

01:51:51.000 --> 01:51:57.000
The decision to… Maybe to pair that pump and treat system with another remedy.

01:51:57.000 --> 01:52:05.000
Or even replace it entirely. And as we mentioned before, optimization is not performed in a vacuum.

01:52:05.000 --> 01:52:14.000
We've got a lot of different parties involved. with the decision and implementation, as well as our regulatory framework and sustainability resilient remediation options.

01:52:14.000 --> 01:52:22.000
That all need to be considered. So just as a reminder, the pumpetry document is available on the ITRC website.

01:52:22.000 --> 01:52:28.000
And after the training, you can utilize that document as a resource for additional information.

01:52:28.000 --> 01:52:30.000
And it's set up to where you can sort of pick your own adventure.

01:52:30.000 --> 01:52:33.000
to focus on just what you need at the time.

01:52:33.000 --> 01:52:42.000
And with that, I'll turn it back over to Taylor.

01:52:42.000 --> 01:53:00.000
All right, thanks Michael. And we have now reached the end of our training, and the last Q&A portion. So we did have a couple of questions asked by one of our attendees today that our trainers thought would be good to discuss at this live Q&A, so I'll go ahead and ask those aloud.

01:53:00.000 --> 01:53:10.000
While Pump and treat is effective for hydraulic containment of contaminant plumes, it has significant ramifications as a long-term aquifer restoration strategy.

01:53:10.000 --> 01:53:26.000
Primarily due to its inefficiency, high cost, and inability to completely remove contaminants from the subsurface. Any thoughts?

01:53:26.000 --> 01:53:37.000
I can go ahead and start. I just, uh… wanted to agree with, uh, with the, the… person who questioned that.

01:53:37.000 --> 01:53:44.000
I… I think that, uh, pump and treat is, uh, you know, well-positioned for containment. That's often what I've seen it.

01:53:44.000 --> 01:53:53.000
used for. I think it can be particularly cost-effective for that purpose where the contaminant plume is.

01:53:53.000 --> 01:54:03.000
It's quite large or quite deep. Uh, that make some of the in-situ remediation technologies, you know, much more expensive to implement.

01:54:03.000 --> 01:54:10.000
So, but I'm curious what the other panelists have to say.

01:54:10.000 --> 01:54:18.000
Thanks, Dave. I had responded… to this… in the Q&A section.

01:54:18.000 --> 01:54:31.000
And I guess… One of my thoughts on this is that… If… especially if the pump and tree system has not yet been installed.

01:54:31.000 --> 01:54:38.000
I mean, just a traditional feasibility study makes sense, where you can evaluate a range of applicable remedial approaches.

01:54:38.000 --> 01:54:46.000
for achieving your goals. Uh, you can then… compare that technical feasibility.

01:54:46.000 --> 01:54:53.000
Meaning, do you meet your goals? Or do you have the ability to meet your goals with a certain technology, or.

01:54:53.000 --> 01:54:59.000
Is it just infeasible given site conditions? Uh, or unlikely to meet your goals.

01:54:59.000 --> 01:55:05.000
Over some reasonable time frame, you can also compare the cost of each alternative.

01:55:05.000 --> 01:55:10.000
And use that process to really objectively compare your alternatives.

01:55:10.000 --> 01:55:15.000
I think the caveat here is that you really need a sound, robust, conceptual site model.

01:55:15.000 --> 01:55:22.000
To make that feasibility study exercise worthwhile, but I do agree with Dave in terms of.

01:55:22.000 --> 01:55:37.000
Uh, scale of plumes… really having an influence on… on… cost of remedy as well.

01:55:37.000 --> 01:55:39.000
And I guess I was the other one that weighed in on that question originally.

01:55:39.000 --> 01:55:49.000
Uh, to bounce off of Lucas' if the pump and treat has been installed, and the ramifications that we're talking about with the inefficiencies and things are.

01:55:49.000 --> 01:55:53.000
are coming into play, that's certainly what this document was written for.

01:55:53.000 --> 01:55:56.000
And the fact that you'd want to go through.

01:55:56.000 --> 01:56:07.000
Um, additional evaluation and determine, you know. If you can optimize, or if you've got to that point of where you've determined that you need to transition, combine, or even terminate.

01:56:07.000 --> 01:56:12.000
the pump and treat system as a whole. And then also.

01:56:12.000 --> 01:56:18.000
Agreeing with David. Uh, but that, uh, you know, the pump and treat.

01:56:18.000 --> 01:56:23.000
I've seen it used successfully in a scenario where they staged it.

01:56:23.000 --> 01:56:28.000
So we did a cutoff because we had contamination moving off-site.

01:56:28.000 --> 01:56:32.000
And they initially put in Stage 1 as a cutoff at the property boundary to.

01:56:32.000 --> 01:56:42.000
to eliminate continued migration off-site. And then, due to… being off-site and having other receptors down gradient, they went in.

01:56:42.000 --> 01:56:51.000
and used extraction to. And added a second stage with additional extraction to reduce the concentrations in that off-site plume.

01:56:51.000 --> 01:56:54.000
And that was able to pull that plume back.

01:56:54.000 --> 01:57:02.000
And contain that within the property successfully, so that was, uh… was my other comment there.

01:57:02.000 --> 01:57:09.000
Yeah, I was… I was thinking that a lot depends on what your contaminant is and your geological conditions.

01:57:09.000 --> 01:57:17.000
Um, L apples are a bit easier to. Um, remove the contaminants.

01:57:17.000 --> 01:57:24.000
Um, then Dean Apple's. Uh… looser, like, sandy or gravelly type.

01:57:24.000 --> 01:57:30.000
soils are easier to remediate than. Clays, um.

01:57:30.000 --> 01:57:38.000
And so, depending on your site conditions and your contaminant, it may be possible.

01:57:38.000 --> 01:57:51.000
to do your full remediation with pump and treat.

01:57:51.000 --> 01:57:59.000
One thing, just to supplement my previous answer to this question, is that I would say that even though.

01:57:59.000 --> 01:58:10.000
Perhaps full restoration for some plumes is not possible with pump and tree, particularly, you know, Patricia, as you say, it's much more likely with the high permeability materials.

01:58:10.000 --> 01:58:16.000
But I see a value with pump and treat in terms of.

01:58:16.000 --> 01:58:27.000
shrinking the footprint of the plume over time. Uh, so contaminant removal can be somewhat of a reasonable objective.

01:58:27.000 --> 01:58:35.000
Particularly if you're looking at dissolve phase only, and trying to shrink the footprint of the plume and reduce the overall.

01:58:35.000 --> 01:58:40.000
You know, higher concentrations down some so that other.

01:58:40.000 --> 01:58:50.000
technologies may be more effective or more cost-effective. So, just kind of wanted to supplement my previous.

01:58:50.000 --> 01:58:56.000
Alright, thank you all for that continued discussion, and really quickly, here's the other question that was asked.

01:58:56.000 --> 01:59:10.000
Despite its limitations, Pump and treat remains a proven method for containing the spread of contaminant plumes and preventing them from reaching drinking water wells, surface water, or other natural resources, especially when the contamination source has been removed.

01:59:10.000 --> 01:59:22.000
Any final thoughts from our trainers on that question?

01:59:22.000 --> 01:59:26.000
Again, I think we covered a lot of that ground in the answer.

01:59:26.000 --> 01:59:32.000
with the original question, but uh… but yeah, that's… like I said, I agree with David.

01:59:32.000 --> 01:59:49.000
very wholeheartedly in the fact that you can reduce those footprints and things, and… And do things using that… using pump and treat.

01:59:49.000 --> 02:00:00.000
Alright, thank you all. for your questions today, and a big thank you to our expert trainers for being here and for their help on the original ITRC document.

02:00:00.000 --> 02:00:06.000
We would like to hear back from you today, so please be sure to fill out that online feedback form that's linked.

02:00:06.000 --> 02:00:10.000
in the chat, um, filling out the feedback form and certifying that you.

02:00:10.000 --> 02:00:22.000
Participated will allow you to receive a certificate of completion by email. If you need further clarification on the answers or would like to ask more questions, feel free to email us at itrc at itrcweb.org.

02:00:22.000 --> 02:00:33.000
And we will follow up with our trainers to get your questions answered. Thanks again, everyone.

02:00:33.000 --> 02:00:43.000
My pleasure.

02:00:43.000 --> 02:01:03.000
Alright, thanks