Technology Innovation News Survey

Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, USACE District, Norfolk, VA.
Federal Business Opportunities, FBO-4467, Solicitation W91236-14-R-0019, 2014

This procurement requires the mechanical dredging of ~330,000 cubic yards of contaminated sediments, amendment with Portland cement, and consolidation in two on-site designated containment areas. Associated activities include installation of ~425,000 vertical linear feet of prefabricated vertical drains, installation of geotechnical engineering instrumentation, underwater debris removal, and site grading. The project will be completed in phases, and contract duration is estimated to be three years. This is an unrestricted procurement under NAICS code 562910. Submission requirements (plans/specs) will be available on/about 28 February 2014 on FedBizOpps. https://www.fbo.gov/spg/USA/COE/DACA65/W91236-14-R-0019/listing.html

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Federal Business Opportunities, FBO-4465, SOL-HQ-12-00022, 2014

EPA plans to obtain contractor ESAT Region 2 services to provide technical, analytical, and quality assurance support, primarily to the U.S. EPA Superfund Program, other EPA programs, federal and state agencies, and tribal organizations to facilitate identification, assessment, regulation, and remediation of environmental hazards. The contractor will provide analytical chemistry and biological, field sampling, and analytical support to EPA on site at the Agency's regional laboratory facilities and at specified field locations using one or more EPA-furnished mobile laboratories and/or field instrumentation. Release of the solicitation is expected around the end of March 2014 at http://www.epa.gov/oamsrpod/lasc/ESATR2/index.htm. See the draft performance work statement at http://www.epa.gov/oamsrpod/lasc/ESATR2/DraftPWS.pdf and the Early Conflict of Interest Disclosure at http://www.epa.gov/oamsrpod/lasc/ESATR2/COI.pdf. This acquisition will be conducted on a full and open basis. https://www.fbo.gov/spg/EPA/OAM/HQ/SOL-HQ-12-00022/listing.html

U.S. EPA Funding Opportunity EPA-OSWER-OBLR-14-2, 2014

EPA is soliciting proposals from eligible entities, including nonprofit organizations, to conduct research or provide technical assistance to communities facing brownfields cleanup and revitalization challenges. Focus areas of this announcement include: 1) technical assistance to environmental workforce development and job training grantees, 2) technical assistance on the integration of environmental justice and equitable development for brownfields-impacted communities, 3) research on the benefits of brownfields redevelopment, and 4) technical assistance on brownfields financing and economic development strategies to brownfields-impacted communities. The closing date for this grant opportunity is April 18, 2014. http://www.epa.gov/oswer/grants-funding.htm#epa-oswer-oblr-14-02

Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2014-NIST-SBIR-01, 2014

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) invites small businesses to submit Phase I research applications under this funding opportunity. Among the specific NIST needs areas announced in section 9 at http://www.nist.gov/tpo/sbir/upload/fy14-final-2.pdf is area 9.04.03.68-R: Erbium-Based DPSS Lasers for Remote Sensing. The primary objective is to develop a narrow-band, tunable, diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) pulsed laser system operating in the eye-safe infrared region around 1.6 micrometers in wavelength. Such laser systems are in demand for remote sensing of fugitive industrial emissions as well as for sensing and mitigation of other vapor-phase environmental pollutants. Applications must be received by May 2, 2014. http://www.grants.gov/web/grants/view-opportunity.html?oppId=251550

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Cincinnati, OH.
Federal Business Opportunities, FBO-4465, Solicitation SOL-CI-13-00041, 2014

EPA's National Center for Environmental Research (NCER) has a requirement to provide technology transfer support in four key areas: 1) dissemination of technical information, 2) preparation of technical publications, 3) preparation of electronic products, and 4) logistical and technical support for the conduct of meetings. Release of the solicitation is anticipated on/about February 28, 2014, at http://www.epa.gov/oam/cinn_cmd. The Government anticipates awarding the new contract as an indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity contract with firm fixed-price and cost-plus-fixed-fee task orders over a 5-year ordering period. EPA intends to award a single contract as a small business set-aside with an anticipated maximum of $30 million. The applicable NAICS code is 541620, with a size standard of $14 million. https://www.fbo.gov/spg/EPA/OAM/OH/SOL-CI-13-00041/listing.html

Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Norfolk, VA.
Federal Business Opportunities, FBO-4480, Solicitation N6247014R9007, 2014

The Navy is conducting market research to determine the availability of sources prior to issuing an RFP. The procurement will be a cost-plus-award-fee, indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity A-E contract for the full range of environmental engineering support services for Comprehensive Long-Term Environmental Action Navy (CLEAN), NAICS code 541330. The anticipated A-E IDIQ contract term will have a base period of one year, with four 1-year option periods. Responses are due by March 31, 2014, 3:00 pm ET. https://www.fbo.gov/spg/DON/NAVFAC/N62470CON/N6247014R9007/listing.html

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Federal Register, Vol 78 No 191, 60721-60726, 2 Oct 2013

The 2003 ROD identified pressure grouting as the method to be used to solidify PCB-impacted soils in the North Gravel Pit (NGP) of OU2. EPA performed a value engineering assessment between the proposed pressure grouting and soil mixing technologies and then selected in situ soil mixing (ISSM), sometimes referred to as in situ solidification/stabilization, to address PCB contamination above 10 ppm in the NGP. In July 2007, the ISSM contractor mobilized equipment to begin field demonstration activities. Three sets of two 8.5-ft diameter overlapping grouted columns were advanced in a noncontaminated area of the NGP. The column centers were placed 7.36 ft apart to ensure column overlap, and the columns were advanced to 15 ft bgs. Each set was made with a different mixture of Portland cement. A few days later the columns were exposed and sampled. Based on the test results, a 7% Portland cement mixture was selected and full production was initiated. By August 22, 2007, a total of 582 columns were completed, resulting in ~17,000 cubic yards of solidified soil. No operation or maintenance for the stabilized soils is necessary for OU2. The deletion of the Ludlow Sand & Gravel Superfund Site from the NPL was effective December 2, 2013. Five-year reviews will continue as needed. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-10-02/html/2013-24116.htm

U.S. EPA Region 5, Chicago. 127 pp, 2013

Contaminants of concern (COCs) at this site include benzene, chlorobenzene, PCE, TCE, 1,2-DCE, VC, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 4-chloroaniline, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (an herbicide).The selected remedy calls for off-site incineration of the pooled DNAPL recovered from Site I South and extensive in situ aerobic biodegradation of COCs in areas of sites G, H, and I South using pulsed air biosparging (PABS) systems. To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of full-scale PABS operation, a pilot test will be conducted for a period of about one year to determine operational parameters, measure performance characteristics, and verify the optimal spacing of the biosparge well pairs. The biosparging systems will target Sauget Area 1 residual contaminant areas in the middle hydrogeologic unit and deep hydrogeologic unit, potentially treating as many as 230,000 kg of contaminants. http://www.epa.gov/region05/cleanup/saugetarea1/

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 70 pp, Dec 2013

The New York State Department of Environmental Remediation conducted an evaluation of groundwater monitoring data collected from groundwater pump-and-treat system startup operations completed in 2012. The evaluation did not support restarting the system for long-term operation in accordance with the original 2002 ROD. Instead, an in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) technology has been selected to treat the remaining plume. The ISCO plan calls for installation of a network of permanganate injection wells within the 10 ppb PCE plume in the shallow groundwater zone and the 1,000 ppb PCE plume in the intermediate groundwater zones; multiple rounds of injections of permanganate solution into the shallow and intermediate groundwater zones; and installation of new monitoring well clusters. The ongoing vapor intrusion mitigation program will continue to monitor soil gas levels at adjacent residences and assess the need for additional subslab depressurization system installations. http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/241026arod.pdf

U.S. EPA Region 2, 4 pp, Sep 2013

From 1956 to 1998, the half-acre Mercury Refining Company, Inc. site, located in Colonie, New York, was used for reclaiming mercury from batteries and other mercury-bearing materials. Site soil, groundwater, and sediment are contaminated with mercury. The final cleanup plan selected in 2008 requires a combination of soil excavation and removal and in situ soil solidification/stabilization (ISS). The ISS portion of the cleanup will involve the use of an auger system to blend columns of soil in situ with a mixture of Portland cement and a sulfur-containing compound. The sulfur compound acts chemically to stabilize mercury in both the soil and groundwater into an immobile state. The specific sulfur compound will be determined after a pilot study in spring 2014. The cement significantly restricts the ability of groundwater to infiltrate the ISS area and carry mercury off site. The solidified soil columns will extend downward ~60 to 70 feet to the clay layer underlying the site, which acts as a natural barrier to the mercury contamination. More information about the Mercury Refining Superfund Site is available at http://epa.gov/Region2/superfund/npl/mercuryrefining/.

Dalton, M. and P. Fuglevand.
Book of Abstracts: Seventh International Conference on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments, 4-7 February 2013, Dallas, Texas. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 2013

The Thea Foss Waterway is a 7,000 ft long marine waterway within the Commencement Bay Nearshore/Tide Flats Superfund site located in Tacoma, Washington. A hybrid cap was installed at the head of the waterway to contain contaminated sediment and a seep of coal tar-derived DNAPL. Potential sources of recontamination included upward migration of contaminants (metals, PAHs, phthalate esters, pesticides, and PCBs) through the cap and solids-containing discharges from four stormwater outfalls to the remediated area. Soon after installation, fine-grained sediment began to accumulate on the granular cap surface, and contaminant concentrations in surface sediment began to increase. Over the 7-yr monitoring period, up to 30 cm of fine-grained stormwater sediment accumulated on the cap. Physical observations and core sampling indicated that the DNAPL seep was controlled and that the cap was functioning as intended. Year 2 sampling indicated that contaminant concentrations, mainly bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, within the compliance interval (0-10 cm) had exceeded the sediment quality objectives. Later monitoring confirmed that the sources of recontamination were top-down in nature, mostly solids discharge from two of the four stormwater outfalls. For additional information, see the 2012 source control and stormwater monitoring report: http://cms.cityoftacoma.org/surfacewater/NPDES0313/C1/2012FullReport_W_tables&figures.pdf.

McCormack, B., F. Ricciardi, and W. Hoynack.
Book of Abstracts: Seventh International Conference on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments, 4-7 February 2013, Dallas, Texas. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 2013

A carbon footprint analysis was performed for three remedial alternatives at a coal tar-impacted sediment remediation site in Keene, New Hampshire. Carbon footprint analysis can be readily performed by tracking project fuel use, electricity use, material transportation, and personnel transportation during the construction phase. The selected remedial approach involved excavation of impacted sediment from a drainage creek and treatment of the material at an off-site thermal desorption facility. Fossil fuel usage inputs were calculated for operation of on-site excavation equipment, dewatering pumps, transportation of excavated material and clean backfill, site personnel transportation, and natural gas usage associated with the selected off-site thermal desorption remedy. Conversion factors for fossil fuel usage volumes to carbon emission quantities were determined based on review of available published literature. On-site and off-site electrical power usage also was assessed, and estimates were made of the carbon emissions associated with power generation. After calculating the carbon emissions for the selected approach, carbon emissions for two alternative remedial approaches (in situ chemical oxidation and in situ thermal desorption) were evaluated with associated implementation costs to enable a comparison between the alternatives. Based on the comparison, ISCO had the lowest carbon footprint and the highest implementation cost. Additional information: https://nerej.com/64737

Amber, D., J. Beaver, A. Evans, M. Hendry, K. Sellers, and R. Koster.
Book of Abstracts: Seventh International Conference on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments, 4-7 February 2013, Dallas, Texas. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 2013

The fill soils of the former Augusta Gas Works contain manufactured gas plant (MGP) residuals and hardened tar deposits that periodically contributed to sheens observed in the adjacent Bond Brook. The MGP residuals were identified within a steep (1:1) embankment. Gravity and pressure sewer lines within the lower portion of the slope, along a local utility easement, further complicated remedial design and construction. The endangered Atlantic salmon is present in the brook. A remedy comprising an anchored sorbent cap (a combined armor mattress and reactive core mat), sediment cover, and temporary hydraulic bypass was designed and permitted. This design reduces the risk of erosion of bank soils and surficial soil instability of the steep slope. Implementation of the remedy occurred in summer through October of 2012.

Zeller, C. and J. Collins.
Book of Abstracts: Seventh International Conference on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments, 4-7 February 2013, Dallas, Texas. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 2013

From September 2005 to September 2007, a combined removal and interim capping remedy was performed on a reach of Chattanooga Creek, which empties into the Tennessee River just north of Chattanooga, Tennessee. The site consists of the former Tennessee Products coal carbonization facility (1918-1987) and its associated coal-tar dumping areas along a 2.5-mile reach of the creek and its floodplain. Site contaminants include pesticides, VOCs, PAHs, metals, and PCBs. The primary contaminant of concern was coal-tar residual. Following excavation and removal of ~107,300 tons of stabilized sediment from the creek channel, a protective isolation barrier constructed with AquaBlok® was installed over 5,750 linear ft of creek channel to address potential recontamination from NAPL encountered in the subsurface. The capping portion of the remedy was considered an interim measure at the time of implementation. In 2008, a sampling program was initiated to monitor cap performance and determine the potential effective life of the interim remedy. The 2011 5-year review of remedy performance indicated that the AquaBlok cap remained effective in isolating residual NAPL source material present in the subsurface. Analysis of monitoring results is ongoing.

Currents: The Navy's Energy & Environmental Magazine, 52-61, Spring 2013

This article presents four case studies that illustrate some of the innovative approaches the Department of the Navy has implemented to solve complex remediation situations at Navy sites throughout the country: 1) evaluating vapor intrusion with radon as a tracer; 2) time-critical asbestos removal; 3) applying green and sustainable remediation practices to improve remediation of soil and groundwater at Marine Corps Logistics Base Albany, Georgia; and 4) screening potentially explosive material at a scrap yard. http://greenfleet.dodlive.mil/files/2011/01/Spr13_Environmental_Restoration_Program_Cleanups.pdf

Currents: The Navy's Energy & Environmental Magazine, 18-21, Spring 2013

In a pilot project undertaken to investigate the feasibility of using dredged material as a soil product, ~1,000 yd³ of dredged sediments from Pearl Harbor were excavated, screened for explosive munitions, and transported to a biosolids facility where they were blended with compost, followed by bioremediation and phytoremediation to improve soil quality. TPHs and PAHs were degraded to acceptable levels during the first year. Metals (copper, lead, and zinc) fell by 30-40% during the first 60 days to below cleanup goals, but then gradually rebounded the following year, possibly because degradation of the organics in the compost over time resulted in an effective increase in concentration of residual metals. Though the pilot test continues for experimental purposes, the intent for reuse is to treat the material for a year or less. The resulting soil is of a quality suitable for landscaping to support vigorous plant growth. http://greenfleet.dodlive.mil/files/2011/01/Spr13_Dredged_Sediments.pdf

Wang, Q. and M.F. Knight.
Book of Abstracts: Seventh International Conference on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments, 4-7 February 2013, Dallas, Texas. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 2013

High levels of arsenic contamination released into Yangzonghai Lake from three lakeside manufacturing facilities received great attention from the Chinese Government in September 2008. The examination committee chose a combination of impermeable sediment capping using AquaBlok® and in situ chemical reduction using EHC-M® as the most cost-effective remedial solution. In the lake, upwelling flow pressure and turbulence causes continuous release of arsenic from sediments into the water column. AquaBlok® will be used to isolate the contaminated sediment from the water column to prevent resuspension and fluxing of the dissolved arsenic. After EHC-M® injection into the covered sediments, rapid generation of an extremely low redox condition is anticipated to immobilize the arsenic by combined physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms. Pilot-scale implementation of the Yangzonghai Lake project is pending.

Bleiler, J.A., K. Gardner, S. Greenwood, R. McCarthy, and N. Ruiz.
Book of Abstracts: Seventh International Conference on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments, 4-7 February 2013, Dallas, Texas. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 2013

A field demonstration project is underway at a mid-Atlantic site to evaluate the efficacy of different application technologies for delivering activated carbon (AC) to wetlands. The demonstration began in fall 2010, when two different pelletized AC amendments were delivered via a small-scale granular application spreader and a mulch blower, while powdered AC in an AC slurry system was delivered to test plots using a portable high solids sprayer. Performance in these field applications is being gauged through contaminant bioavailability reduction. Six months following AC treatment, reductions in porewater concentrations were observed for both dry-broadcast (85.8%) and slurry-delivered amendments (52.1%). Preliminary data show that no significant variation in macroinvertebrate species composition or plant species richness occurred over the first 6 months. Inert sand caps and "no treatment" controls were included in the study. Longer abstract: http://www.sednet.org/download/2013-poster61-Bleiler_John.pdf -- 16 Slides: http://www.montclair.edu/media/montclairedu/csam/pri/conferencemedia/presentations/John-Collins_Session-A.pdf

Conder, J., V. Kirtay, M. Grover, D.B. Chadwick, V. Magar, and D. Moore.
Western Dredging Association, Pacific Chapter 2013 Annual Meeting, October 25, 2013, Long Beach, CA. 42 slides, 2013

A demonstration project for Pier 7 at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility located in Sinclair Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington, is evaluating and validating the placement, stability, and performance of activated carbon to treat PCB-contaminated sediments in an active harbor setting. The demonstration consists of amending the contaminated area with powdered activated carbon (PAC) using the AquaGate+PAC™ composite aggregate system to improve delivery and physical stability, and decrease the bioavailability of PCBs and other contaminants in the 190 x 115 ft target area, about half of which lies under the pier. Successful placement requires uniformly depositing the amendment in a layer ~2 inches thick over the target area. A broadcast application with conveyor belt-type equipment from a moored barge was selected for rapid, relatively uniform amendment placement. A second barge supplies material to the broadcast conveyor system. https://www.westerndredging.org/index.php/2013-pacific-weda-presentations?download=696:14-demonstration-of-an-activated-carbon-sediment-amendment-at-the-puget-sound-naval-shipyard

Kupryianchyk, Darya, Ph.D. thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 264 pp, 2013

This thesis contains a review of the current state of the art in activated carbon (AC) sorbent amendment technology for sediment remediation. Published data indicate that the effectiveness of remediation with AC may be different for powdered AC versus granular AC, and AC effectiveness may be less if black carbon (BC) is already present in the sediment. The effectiveness of AC amendments mainly depends on desorption processes from the native sediment particles and subsequent sorption processes to AC. Aside from sediment geochemical characteristics, the efficiency of AC application depends on factors like particle size, AC concentration applied, and AC pore structure and surface area. Recent ecological studies suggest that AC effects on the community and ecosystem level are absent or less severe compared to those observed in single-species lab tests. Results from full-scale AC application studies showed stability of AC in the environment and demonstrated its efficiency in binding contaminants in sediments several years after application. http://edepot.wur.nl/244235

Sorensen, Heather, Master's thesis, North Carolina State University, 45 pp, 2013

Twelve 1,4-dioxane-contaminated sites were identified within the state of North Carolina, and six of the sites were assessed in detail for the potential applicability of phytoremediation. Following a review of the sites' characteristics and the strengths and limitations of phytotechnology, results indicated that phytoremediation can be considered as a potentially viable remedial option for 1,4-dioxane at sites that have enough space for plantings of appropriate tree stands and no treatments planned that would interfere with tree uptake of groundwater. http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/dr/bitstream/1840.4/8273/1/Sorensen,+Heather+final.pdf

Kaoutit, H.E., P. Estevez, F.C. Garcia, F. Serna, and J.M. Garcia.
Analytical Methods, Vol 5 No 1, 54-58, 2013

Colorimetric sensory membranes have been developed for detecting mercury [Hg(II)] in aqueous media. The membranes contain a florescent organic compound called rhodamine, which acts as a mercury sensor. The color response of the sensory materials can be tuned for detection with the naked eye, such as the maximum contaminant level of Hg(II) set by U.S. EPA for drinking water. Furthermore, the Hg(II) concentration can be monitored using digital pictures of the membranes taken with conventional cameras. Nanomolar concentration of Hg(II) thus could be detected by the naked eye due to color changes of membranes, and the concentration of Hg(II) could be quantified within the millimolar to nanomolar range by analyzing the digital information of pictures taken of the membranes after dipping them in water containing the Hg cation. Technical supplement: http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/ay/c2/c2ay26307f/c2ay26307f.pdf Additional description: http://phys.org/pdf279371308.pdf

Wei, Q., R. Nagi, K. Sadeghi, S. Feng, E. Yan, S.J. Ki, R. Caire, D. Tseng, and A. Ozcan.
ACS Nano, Vol 8 No 2, 1121-1129, 2014

A smart-phone-based hand-held platform allows the quantification of Hg(II) ions in water samples with parts-per-billion (ppb) level of sensitivity. An integrated opto-mechanical attachment to the built-in camera module of a smart phone was devised for digital quantification of mercury concentration using a plasmonic gold nanoparticle and aptamer-based colorimetric transmission assay that is implemented in disposable test tubes. Weighing <40 g, this smart-phone attachment can be used to quantify Hg(II) ion concentration in water samples via a two-color ratiometric method employing light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at 523 and 625 nm. A custom-developed application was utilized to process each acquired transmission image on the phone to achieve a 3.5 ppb limit of detection. Investigators used this detection platform to generate a mercury contamination map by measuring water samples at over 50 locations in California. Additional description: http://phys.org/pdf310985514.pdf

Denyes, M.J., A. Rutter, and B.A. Zeeb.
Environmental Pollution, Vol 182, 201-208, 2013

In the first in situ experiment conducted at a Canadian PCB-contaminated brownfield site, granular activated carbon (GAC) and two types of biochar exhibited similar performance at reducing PCB uptake into plants. With the addition of 2.8% GAC, Burt's biochar, and BlueLeaf biochar, PCB concentrations in Cucurbita pepo root tissue declined by 74%, 72% and 64%, respectively. A complementary greenhouse study, including an evaluation of earthworm bioaccumulation, found that mechanically mixing AC with PCB-contaminated soil (i.e., 24 h at 30 rpm) resulted in shoot, root, and worm PCB concentrations 66%, 59% and 39% lower than in treatments manually mixed with a spade and bucket. Although both biochar and GAC reduced PCB uptake into plants and earthworms, biochar offered additional benefits, including increased plant and earthworm biomass.

Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (ITRC).
BCR-1, Available as a Web-based document or a 373-page PDF file, Nov 2013

Mining-influenced water (MIW) includes aqueous wastes generated by ore extraction and processing, as well as acid mine drainage (AMD) and tailings runoff. This document explains biochemical reactor (BCR) technologies used to treat MIW on site and to improve the ambient water quality in nearby watersheds. BCRs are engineered treatment systems that use an organic substrate to drive microbial and chemical reactions to reduce concentrations of metals, acidity, and sulfate in water. This guide covers BCR applicability, testing, design, construction, and monitoring. A decision tree presents the basic factors used to evaluate the efficacy and applicability of BCR treatment for a particular MIW, and 15 case studies allow evaluations of diverse site conditions and different MIW chemical mixtures. http://itrcweb.org/bcr-1/

Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (ITRC).
GSMC-1, Available as a Web-based document or a 381-page PDF file, Dec 2013

This document was developed to help environmental practitioners understand, interpret, and use statistical techniques to manage groundwater compliance or cleanup projects. The information presented is specifically for environmental project managers who must review or use statistical calculations for reports, make recommendations or decisions based on statistics, or demonstrate compliance for groundwater projects. These individuals typically have a technical background and experience in one or more disciplines related to site compliance or cleanup, but do not have specific expertise in statistics or access to in-house statistical expertise. http://www.itrcweb.org/gsmc-1/

Blackman, T., M. Martin, G. Braun, S. Ozkan, and E. Ashley.
Lockheed Martin Middle River Complex Feasibility Study Team, Project Note 2, 92 pp, 2013

Recent research and pilot studies regarding in situ treatment of contaminated sediments by activated carbon (AC) application and its effectiveness for PCBs, PAHs, and metals stabilization indicate that in situ AC treatment is 75-95% effective for reducing PCBs and PAHs bioavailability. To provide background for future sediment remediation at the Middle River Complex site, located in Maryland, this project note presents a general description of in situ treatments, a brief review of ongoing research, and descriptions of projects and pilot studies where in situ treatments have been applied. More than 10 field-scale demonstration projects spanning a range of environmental conditions have been documented in the United States and Norway. http://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed/data/corporate/documents/remediation/middle-river/NoteonInSituTreatment03-13-13.pdf