Valence state: The combining capacity of an atom or radical determined by the number of electrons that it will lose, add, or share when it reacts with other atoms.
free product: A NAPL found in the subsurface in sufficient quantity that it can be partially recovered by pumping or gravity drain.
aerobic: Direct aerobic metabolism involves microbial reactions that require oxygen to go forward. The bacteria uses a carbon substrate as the electron donor and oxygen as the electron acceptor. Degradation of contaminants that are susceptible to aerobic degradation but not anaerobic often ceases in the vicinity of the source zone because of oxygen depletion. This can sometimes be reversed by adding oxygen in the form of air (air sparging, bioventing), ozone, or slow oxygen release compound (e.g., ORC(r)).
Aerobic dechlorination may also occur via cometabolism where the dechlorination is incidental to the metabolic activities of the organisms. In this case, contaminants are degraded by microbial enzymes that are metabolizing other organic substrates. Cometabolic dechlorination does not appear to produce energy for the organism. At pilot- or full-scale treatment, cometabolic and direct dechlorination may be indistinguishable, and both processes may contribute to contaminant removal. For aerobic cometabolism to occur there must be sufficient oxygen and a suitable substrate which allows the microbe to produce the appropriate enzyme. These conditions may be present naturally but often in the presence of a source area oxygen and a substrate such as methane or propane will need to be introduced.
Adapted from US. EPA 2006 Engineering Issue: In Situ and Ex Situ Biodegradation Technologies for Remediation of Contaminated Sites
anaerobic: Direct anaerobic metabolism involves microbial reactions occurring in the absence of oxygen and encompasses many processes, including fermentation, methanogenesis, reductive dechlorination, sulfate-reducing activities, and denitrification. Depending on the contaminant of concern, a subset of these activities may be cultivated. In anaerobic metabolism, nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide, oxidized metals, or organic compounds may replace oxygen as the electron acceptor.
Anaerobic dechlorination also may occur via cometabolism where the dechlorination is incidental to the metabolic activities of the organisms. In this case, contaminants are degraded by microbial enzymes that are metabolizing other organic substrates. Cometabolic dechlorination does not appear to produce energy for the organism. At pilot- or full-scale treatment, cometabolic and direct dechlorination may be indistinguishable, and both processes may contribute to contaminant removal.
Quoted from US. EPA 2006 Engineering Issue: In Situ and Ex Situ Biodegradation Technologies for Remediation of Contaminated Sites
architecture: "Architecture" refers to the physical distribution of the contaminant in the subsurface. Residuals that take the form of long thin ganglia or small dispersed globules provide a larger surface area that will dissolve much faster than if the same amount of liquid were concentrated in a competent pool.
Sources: For purposes of this discussion, a DNAPL source zone includes the zone that encompasses the entire subsurface volume in which DNAPL is present either at residual saturation or as "pools" of accumulation above confining units. In addition, the DNAPL source zone includes regions that have come into contact with DNAPL that may be storing contaminant mass as a result of diffusion of DNAPL into the soil or rock matrix.
source zone: For purposes of this discussion, a DNAPL source zone includes the zone that encompasses the entire subsurface volume in which DNAPL is present either at residual saturation or as "pools" of accumulation above confining units. In addition, the DNAPL source zone includes regions that have come into contact with DNAPL that may be storing contaminant mass as a result of diffusion of DNAPL into the soil or rock matrix.
focal ulceration: The process or fact of a localized area being eroded away.
metaplasia of the glandular stomach: A change of cells to a form that does not normally occur in the tissue in which it is found.
hyperplasia of the glandular stomach: A condition in which there is an increase in the number of normal cells in a tissue or organ.
histiocytic: Degenerative.
duodenum: First part of the small intestine.
microcytic: Any abnormally small cell.
squamous cell papillomas: A small solid benign tumor with a clear-cut border that projects above the surrounding tissue.
squamous cell carcinomas: Cancer that begins in squamous cells-thin, flat cells that look under the microscope like fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Squamous cell carcinomas may arise in any of these tissues.
jejunum: The middle portion of the small intestine, between duodenum and ileum. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.
ileum: The distal and narrowest portion of the small intestine.
squamous: Flat cells that look like fish scales.
metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.
ossification: The process of creating bone, that is of transforming cartilage (or fibrous tissue) into bone.
clastogenesis: Any process resulting in the breakage of chromosomes.
neoplastic: Abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells.
ulceration: The process or fact of being eroded away.
leucocytosis: An elevation of the total number of white cells in blood.
neutrophils: A type of white blood cell.
chromodulin: A small protein that binds four trivalent chromium ions.
biomagnification: The increased accumulation and concentration of a contaminant at higher levels of the food chain; organisms higher on the food chain will have larger amounts of contaminants than those lower on the food chain, because the contaminants are not eliminated or broken down into other chemicals within the organisms.
exencephaly: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull.
everted viscera: Rotated body organs in the chest cavity.
To Be Considered: Documents, such as federal or state guidances, that are not legally binding but may be relevant to the topic in question.
gaining: A gaining surface water body is one where groundwater flows into it.
losing: A surface water body is losing when there is a permeable sediment bed that is not in contact with the groundwater allowing the surface water to seep through it.
fluvial: Of or pertaining to flow in rivers and streams.
lacustrine: Of or pertaining to a lake as in lacustrine sediments—sediments at the bottom of a lake.
lipid: Any class of fats that are insoluble in water.
lipophilic: Able to dissolve in lipids—in this case fatty tissue.
organelles: A part of a cell such as mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloroplast that plays a specific role in how the cell functions and membranes.
RfD: The RfD is an estimate of a daily exposure of the human population (including sensitive sub-groups) to a substance that is likely to be without "the appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime." An RfD is expressed in units of mg/kg-day.
autonomic: That part of the nervous system that controls non-conscious actions such as heart rate, perspiration and digestion.
ataxia: Lack of muscle coordination.
funnel-and-gate configuration: A system where low-permeability walls (the funnel) placed in the saturated zone direct contaminated ground-water toward a permeable treatment zone (the gate)
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Higgins, C. and R. Luthy. 2006. Sorption of perfluorinated surfactants on sediments. Environmental Science & Technology 40(23):7251-7256.
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1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (TCTFE, CAS# 76-13-1) has a vapor pressure of 363 mmHg at 25oC (HSDB) and is a noncombustible liquid at normal temperatures (NIOSH 2005). The log Koc of TCTFE is about 2.59, the log Kow is 2.57 (Montgomery 1991), and the Henry's constant is 3.33 e-1 atm-m3/mole (Montgomery 1991)). The solubility of TCTFE is about 170 mg/L at 25oC, its specific gravity is about 1.56 at 25oC, and its vapor pressure is 363 mmHg at 25oC (HSDB).
The relatively low calculated Koc value for TCTFE in soil indicates that TCTFE is likely to move through soil and sediment (Howard 1993 and HSDB).
Volatilization is the most important removal process for TCTFE released to surface waters, and its half life in a typical river is estimated at about 4 hours (Howard 1993). Modeling information in the Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) estimates the half life of TCTFE in a model lake at 5 days
Because of the low Kow of this compound, bioaccumulation is expected to be low (Howard 1993 and HSDB). TCTFE is readily degraded by microbial action under anaerobic conditions to chlorotrifluoroethene, a vinyl chloride analog (van Agteren et al. 1998, Bagley et al. 2004, and HSDB). TCTFE does not degrade readily under aerobic conditions (HSDB and Reinhard and McCarty 1993). Pseudomonas putida has been observed to degrade TCTFE cometabolically under anaerobic conditions to various lower halogenated compounds (van Agteren et al. 1998)
As TCTFE will not degrade in the troposphere, diffusion from the troposphere to the stratosphere would be the sole removal mechanism (half life of 20 years). This compound will diffuse gradually into the stratosphere above the ozone layer, where direct photolysis from UV-C radiation will degrade it slowly, contributing to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone. The stratospheric lifetime of this compound ranges between 63 and 122 years (HSDB).
TCTFE is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups (HSDB).
References
Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Volume IV Howard, P.
Lewis Publishers, 578 pp, 1993
Handbook on Biodegradation and Biological Treatment of Hazardous Organic Compounds van Agteren, M., S. Keuning, and D. Janssen.
Springer, 504 pp, 1998
1,1,2-TRICHLORO-1,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE (76-13-1) PubChem. PubChem, National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Long-term Chemical Transformation of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCA) and Freon 113 under Aquifer Conditions Reinhard, M. and P. McCarty.
U.S. EPA, National Center For Environmental Research, Grant R825689C044, Subproject 44, 1993.
View project summary
Under aerobic conditions, CFC 113 did not transform during a 4-year study.
Non-Enzymatic Degradation of Chlorofluorocarbon 113 Using Cyanocobalamin under Anaerobic Conditions Bagley, D., I. Sutherland, and B. Sleep.
Journal of Environmental Engineering & Science 3(4):295-299(2004)
Freon 113 was degraded rapidly and completely in systems containing cyanocobalamin with titanium(III) citrate as the reductant. 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane accounted for up to 25% of the degraded Freon 113. Chlorotrifluoroethene was also detected. View longer abstract
This document has a broad discussion of DNAPL site evaluation and contains a comprehensive table of physical properties of selected DNAPL chemicals, including TCFM, in its Appendix A.
1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (TCTFE, CAS# 76-13-1) has a vapor pressure of 363 mmHg at 25oC (HSDB) and is a noncombustible liquid at normal temperatures (NIOSH 2005). The log Koc of TCTFE is about 2.59, the log Kow is 2.57 (Montgomery 1991), and the Henry's constant is 3.33 e-1 atm-m3/mole (Montgomery 1991)). The solubility of TCTFE is about 170 mg/L at 25oC, its specific gravity is about 1.56 at 25oC, and its vapor pressure is 363 mmHg at 25oC (HSDB).
