Technology Innovation News Survey

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Eastern Acquisition Division, Norfolk, VA
Contract Opportunities at SAM.gov, Solicitation NC-NR1000-22-00113, 2022

This is a sources sought announcement for market research purposes only. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is conducting market research to determine potential sources to provide Emergency Response and Restoration Support Services to its Office of Response and Restoration under NAICS code 541620. The scientific support will focus on: understanding the environmental harm caused by marine pollution, particularly petroleum products and marine debris but including other hazardous material (HAZMAT) substances and environmental impacts; and the complex trade-offs of response options and mitigation strategies. The technical support will focus on: deployment of staff to the field capable of serving in the Environmental and Situation Units of the Incident Command System (ICS) during an emergency incident response activated by a Federal On-Scene Coordinator; development of new methodologies to assess damages from environmental harm; management of marine debris cleanup and tracking projects; and translating scientific understanding into guidance documents, information products, training, tools or other products for use by lay responders and field personnel during an incident response or for planning and preparedness to pollution events or damage assessment activities. The Government anticipates awarding a Blanket Purchase Agreement (BPA) with a Period of Performance of January 1, 2023, through December 31, 2027. Capability statements are due by 2:00 PM CST on March 25, 2022. https://sam.gov/opp/4f9db9f7eb19483dbec6755768419bd3/view

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska District, Anchorage, AK
Contract Opportunities at SAM.gov, Solicitation W911KB22R0025, 2022

This is a full and open competition under NAICS code 562910. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)-Alaska District seeks a qualified contractor to provide Environmental Remediation Services (ERS) in support of a wide range of its customers. In addition to the Air Force and Army military stakeholders, USACE Alaska District customers can include U.S. Forest Service (USFS), U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Environmental remediation work executed under this ERS contract will include a full range of environmental investigations, studies, engineering support, remedial designs, and removal and remedial actions and operations and maintenance activities for the USACE Alaska District customers. The multiple-award indefinite-delivery indefinite-quantity (IDIQ) contract tools are anticipated to support various environmental programs within the USACE Alaska District, including but not limited to the Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS) program, Air Force Installation Restoration (IRP), Air Force Environmental Quality (EQ), Army EQ, Army IRP, and Native American Lands Environmental Mitigation Program (NALEMP). The USACE Alaska District is part of the USACE Pacific Ocean Division (POD), which encompasses all areas covered by the U.S. Pacific Command (USPACOM). Primary performance locations will be within the State of Alaska, but some work may be performed outside of Alaska but within the USACE POD area of responsibility (AOR). Up to three Multiple Award Task Order Contracts (MATOC) are anticipated under this solicitation; however, the Government reserves the right to award more, less, or none at all. Offers are due by 2:00 PM AKDT on March 14, 2022. https://sam.gov/opp/67032372e545446ba6831c7d2dd234f4/view

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Humphreys Engineer Center Support Activity, Alexandria, VA
Contract Opportunities at SAM.gov, Solicitation W912HQ22S0004, 2022

When the solicitation is released, it will be competed as a full and open competition under NAICS code 541715; both small business and other than small business (including non-profits and educational institutions) are encouraged to respond. The Department of Defense (DoD) Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) Office is interested in receiving white papers for research focusing on Environmental Restoration, Munitions Response, Resource Conservation and Resiliency, and Weapons Systems and Platforms technologies. This solicitation will remain open for approximately one (1) year from the date of publication, or until replaced by a successor Broad Agency Announcement BAA. Awardees under this BAA will be selected through a multi-stage review process. SERDP may make multiple awards up to a collectively shared maximum value of the $10,000,000.00 under this BAA. The white paper review step allows interested organizations to submit research white papers for Government consideration without incurring the expense of a full proposal. https://sam.gov/opp/05b6d278e86a41ee8732ef27f849347f/view

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Humphreys Engineer Center Support Activity, Alexandria, VA
Contract Opportunities at SAM.gov, Solicitation W912HQ22S0005, 2022

When the solicitation is released, it will be competed as a full and open competition under NAICS code 541715; both small business and other than small business (including non-profits and educational institutions) are encouraged to respond. The Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) Office is interested in receiving white papers for innovative technology demonstrations that address DoD environmental and installation energy requirements as candidates for funding. This solicitation will remain open for approximately one year from the date of publication, or until replaced by a successor Broad Agency Announcement (BAA). Awardees under this BAA will be selected through a multi-stage review process. ESTCP may make multiple awards up to a collectively shared maximum value of the $10,000,000.00 under this BAA. The white paper review step allows interested organizations to submit technology demonstrations for Government consideration without incurring the expense of a full proposal. https://sam.gov/opp/b285a55f20a843fa986b0b51a7392364/view

Kuo, S.-L. and E.M.-Y. Wu. ǀ Water 13:3594(2021

Heavy metal-contaminated dust was collected from an electric arc furnace at a site in southern Taiwan and treated using in situ vitrification (ISV). The final product was analyzed for its stability and weather resistance. Results were examined to determine whether the ISV process enhanced the efficiency and economic benefits of the site. A TCLP test conducted on dust not treated with ISV revealed that concentrations of various heavy metals were not only far below those of the unprocessed sample dust but were also below Taiwan's EPA limit. Following ISV treatment, heavy metals in the dust were either encapsulated or bound in silicon lattices and barely leached from the dust. Analyses using scanning electron microscopy and an energy dispersive spectrometry indicated that the surface of the dust appeared more compact after the ISV process. There was a pronounced decrease in or elimination of wave crests in the highly contaminated dust that underwent ISV treatment. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the SiO2 crests disappeared in the processed dust, suggesting that the crystal structure was replaced with quasi-vitreous products after ISV treatment. If pollutants were extant, they were typically characterized by smaller size, high stability, excellent weather resistance, an innocuous nature, and recyclability. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/24/3594/pdf

Freim, J. ǀ Western Groundwater Conference 13-15 September, Burbank, CA, 32 slides, 2021

This presentation provides the results of models that predict the performance of activated carbon barriers with and without sulfidated zero-valent iron (SZVI) and organic bioremediation amendments that are co-applied to promote contaminant destruction. The results of a remediation program using a sub-surface barrier containing a mixture of colloidal activated carbon colloidal sulfidated iron are included. https://www.grac.org/media/files/files/314609bb/john-freim-wgc-presentation-john-freim.pdf
See recording of webinar from Regenesis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2pxmAoX-7g

Leombruni, A. and M. Mueller. ǀ AquaConSoil 2021, 15-17 June, virtual, abstract only, 2021

Klozur® CR was successfully applied at a former petrol station in northern Italy characterized by groundwater contamination, including hydrocarbons (C<12 ~2,000 µg/L), benzene (~500 µg/L), ethylbenzene (~ 380 µg/L) and MtBE (~ 13,000 µg/L). A total of 4,800 kg of Klozur CR (in a 25% aqueous solution) were injected in two events conducted 15 months apart. Following 18 months after the first application, contaminant concentrations were below the remediation goals in monitoring piezometers in the treatment area. TPH was reduced by >80%, while MtBE was reduced by >90 %. Monitoring data confirmed sustained elevation of oxidation-reduction potential and dissolved oxygen as necessary subsurface conditions to support treatment.

Mueller, M., H. Opdam, and J. van Doren.
AquaConSoil 2021, 15-17 June, virtual, abstract only, 2021

Klozur® One ISCO technology was selected to remediate chlorinated hydrocarbon-impacted soil and groundwater (>16,000 µg/l TCE) at a site near Uden, Holland. Contaminated soil was excavated to the top of the groundwater level, then backfilled with clean soil. ¬The amendment was injected through 40 points at three different subsurface levels in a grid pattern with a center-to-center distance of 2 meters. In areas with higher contaminant concentrations, a higher concentrated solution of activated sodium persulfate (SP) was applied. At each injection point, between 2,775 and 4,500 L of solution was applied. Four to six wells were injected simultaneously through a manifold system, using overpressure to prevent blow-out at the surface. A total of 155 m³ injection fluid of self-activated SP was applied over nine days. Monitoring activities conducted during and after the injections, included measurements of pH, oxygen, redox and electrical conductivity. Following the SP injections, a decrease in pH and increase in electrical conductivity were noted. Klozur field test kits were used to determine the residual amount of active SP still available. After four weeks, most of the active SP was consumed. Monitoring conducted in 10 wells indicated TCE concentrations decreased to below remediation targets. An independent verification confirmed the positive results and concluded that no active SP remained. The ISCO process removed 99.6% of the contamination, resulting in site closure.

Lohmann, R., and M. Weinstein. SERDP Project ER-2538, 58 pp, 2022

An in situ passive multi-sampler was further developed and field tested to quantify polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and PCBs in sediment and water column. The novel sampler was validated and field-tested in shallow and deep sediments at several sites along the Passaic River and Newark Bay. Our The technical approach consisted of the construction, deployment, and validation of a modified sediment porewater multisampler for dioxins/furans and other HOCs. The construction of a passive multisampler in the flukes of a Danforth-style anchor was optimized in field tests. Initial field trials needed a diver to ensure deployments, while the final field deployment proceeded without divers. Performance reference compounds were included to correct for the lack of equilibrium of target hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) during field deployments. Sediment grabs were collected at each site to derive HOC porewater concentrations through ex situ equilibrations. The deployment trial in Newark Bay included a comparison to a previously circular sampler and sediment equilibrations for PCBs and PCDD/Fs. The retrieval rate of the Danforth anchors exceeded 80%, assisted by using extra anchor chain. At all sites, porewater concentrations derived from ex situ equilibrations exceeded in situ passive samplers. Comparing ex situ versus in situ porewater concentrations in a second field trial showed ex situ concentrations of PCBs exceeded in situ concentrations by two to three-fold. At most sites, PCDD/Fs were below detection limits. A newly published standard protocol was followed for the ex situ determination of HOC porewater concentrations that prevented depletion of porewater, which may have contributed to the observed discrepancy. A reanalysis of foodweb samples from the Passaic River suggests that passive sampling may be a powerful tool to predict HOC concentrations in the storage lipids of biota. https://www.serdp-estcp.org/content/download/54609/536263/file/ER-2538%20Final%20Report%20-%20Phase%20II.pdf

Berlin, D., D. Vlassopoulos, M. Kanematsu, T. Wang, M. Waters, and K. Ritchot.
Proceedings of the Western Dredging Association Dredging Summit & Expo. 15-17 June, virtual, 2021

A pilot project was implemented to address high sulfide levels in sediments in Esquimalt Harbor, British Columbia. An innovative passive porewater sampling technique was applied to quantify dissolved sulfides using the diffusive-gradient-in-thin-films (DGT) method. Concentrations ranged from <1 mg/L to >200 mg/L in harbor sediments. An innovative bench-scale testing program was also conducted to assess the effectiveness of sand cover mixed with a range of treatment amendments to reduce bioavailable porewater sulfide concentrations in wood waste sediments. The results were used to design and implement a pilot project in Esquimalt Harbor to test the effectiveness of sand amended with iron carbonate to control sulfide concentrations and support a healthy benthic community. See pages 166-180: https://www.westerndredging.org/phocadownload/2021_Virtual/Proceedings/2021%20Dredging%20Summit%20and%20Expo%20Proceedings.pdf

McDonough, J.T., J. Kirby, C. Bellona, J.A. Quinnan, N. Welty, J. Follin, and K. Liberty.
Remediation [Published online 22 February 2022 before print]

Supercritical water oxidation was field validated to treat a concentrated waste stream of 12 PFAAs with liquid and gaseous analysis, adhering to EPA Other Test Method 45 for stack emission sampling and EPA Method 537.1, with quality control and quality assurance protocols from the DoD/DoE Quality Systems Manual 5.3. Results suggest > 99.999% destruction and removal efficiency of the12 PFAAs after two ∼120-min continuous flow trials, with an overall defluorination of ~62.6%. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/rem.21711

Rahbek, R., M. Schouw, and M. Bymose.
AquaConSoil 2021, 15-17 June, virtual, abstract only, 2021

A full-scale pilot test using the new UV-technology RemUVe was conducted on the Grusgraven pump & treat (P&T) facility to reduce N,N-dimethylsulfamide (DMS) and chlorinated solvents in the water, decrease operating costs for existing and future P&T plants, and reduce activated carbon consumption. RemUVe is an advanced oxidation process created by combining UV light energy with very small amounts of hydrogen peroxide. The UV system has a unique reflection technique that lowers the energy consumption compared to traditional UV systems. The pumping rate of the system is ~20 m³/h. A part of the water stream, ~5 m³/h, went through the mobile RemUVe® system. Mapping with multiple settings of UV energy and H₂O₂ dosing were conducted to find the best combination dose to treat the water. The treatment goal was to reduce DMS to a level below the groundwater criteria at 0.1 µg/l. In the process, chlorinated solvents were reduced from 85-99%. The RemUVe system was set on continuous operation for 6 weeks with treatment monitoring. Results show that due to the reduction in chlorinated solvents and DMS, there is a potential to expand the lifetime of the GAC filters from 6 months to 4-5 years.

Shojaei, M., N. Kumar, S. Chaobol, K. Wu, M. Crimi, and J. Guelfo.
Environmental Science & Technology 55(14):9805-9816(2021)

Aqueous film-forming foam-impacted soils were treated with heat-activated persulfate in batch reactors and subjected to 7-day leaching experiments. Soil and water were analyzed using targeted and high-resolution LC/MS techniques and the total oxidizable precursor assay. Following oxidation, total PFAS composition showed the expected shift to a higher fraction of PFAAs, leading to higher total PFAS leaching in pretreated reactors (108-110%) versus control reactors (62-90%). In pretreated and control soil, precursors that remained following leaching experiments were 61-100% cationic and zwitterionic. Results suggest that persulfate pretreatment may be an enhanced recovery technique to remediate total PFAS in impacted soil.

Field, J., T. Schwichtenberg, R.A. Deeb, E.L. Hawley, C. Sayler, D. Bogdan, C.E. Shaefer, B. Diguiseppi, and A. Struse. SERDP Project ER19-1205, 54 pp, 2021

This report summarizes the scientific state of knowledge regarding the potential for bias in pfas sampling, presents findings of new research conducted under this SERDP project, and provides scientifically based guidelines for practical field sampling equipment and procedures to minimize the potential for bias. https://www.serdp-estcp.org/content/download/54768/537639/file/er19-1205%20technical%20report.pdf

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Superfund Research Program (SRP), Research Brief 324, December 2021

Benzo(a)pyrene was reevaluated as a suitable indicator for cancer risk of PAHs. A global-scale atmospheric model and data from emissions inventories and atmospheric observations were used to estimate concentrations of 16 PAHs and their degradation products. A total of 48 PAH chemicals were evaluated. The parameters were incorporated to develop a method to estimate the cancer risk associated with exposure to each chemical based on location and determine each chemical's contribution to the total risk. Benzo(a)pyrene contributed 11% of the cancer risk from PAH exposure globally. The remaining cancer risk came from other PAH chemicals, including 17% from PAH degradation products. When comparing the new method with a commonly used method that uses only benzo(a)pyrene as a risk indicator for the entire PAH mixture, significant inconsistencies in different regions were found. Results showed that cancer risk conclusions based on modeling benzo(a)pyrene alone can be misleading or erroneous. Several toxic PAHs were not included in this study because emissions and toxicity data were not available. Including more PAHs and their degradation products would better account for uncertainties in risk estimates. https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/srp/1/ResearchBriefs/pdfs/SRP_ResearchBrief_324_508.pdf

Mamet, S.D., A. Jimmo, A. Conway, A. Teymurazyan, A. Talebitaher, Z. Papandreou, Y.-F. Chang, W. Shannon, D. Peak, and S.D. Siciliano.
Environmental Science & Technology 55(14):9864-9875(2021)

Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to test whether: (1) optimizing phosphate bioavailability in soil would outperform a generic biostimulatory solution to promote hydrocarbon remediation and (2) oligotrophic biostimulation would be more effective than eutrophic approaches. The key bacterial taxa that underlie aerobic and anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation in subarctic soils were highlighted. Results showed that (i) optimized phosphate bioavailability outperformed generic biostimulatory solutions in promoting hydrocarbon degradation, (ii) oligotrophic biostimulation was more effective than eutrophic approaches, and (iii) optimized biostimulatory solutions stimulated specific soil regions and bacterial consortia. This knowledge may be crucial in developing field-scale biodegradation treatments for sustained stimulation of bacterial activity. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.1c01113

Emerson, H.P., J.E. Szecsody, A. Lawter, E. Fernald, A. Mangel, J. Robinson, N. Qafoku, V. Freedman, and C. Halter.
The Remplex Virtual Global Summit, 8-12 November, virtual, 21 minutes, 2021

Lab column experiments were conducted to collect spectral induced polarization (SIP) data for different remediation amendments applicable to ongoing cleanup efforts at the Hanford Site, including zero-valent iron (ZVI), sulfur-modified ZVI (SMI), calcite, and apatite. The SIP geophysical technique is sensitive to solution properties and surface reactions that modify surface properties. Experiments were conducted in saturated columns with concurrent monitoring of major geochemical parameters to identify the sensitivity to detect individual amendments in static conditions, detect amendments during in situ injection and precipitation, and change in SIP signal over time to quantify change in amendment reactivity. The highest sensitivity was observed for conductive materials, including ZVI and SMI, with detection limits as low as 0.2 wt.% based on phase shifts and imaginary conductivity measured via SIP. Shifts in phase and imaginary conductivity peaks measured by SIP were also observed due to changes in amendments over time suggesting changes in reactivity. Apatite and calcite had a greater response at higher concentrations which may be due to physical changes in porosity from precipitation rather than the mineral phase. View a copy of the recording at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y44bC3449Wg&t=2s

Zanini, A., M. Ghirardi, and R. Emiliani. ǀ Hydrology 2021 8:101(2021)

The use of natural attenuation to remediate chlorinated hydrocarbons at a site in Parma, Italy using a combination of bio-molecular analysis, compound-specific isotope analysis, and phytoscreening was evaluated. The circular multistep approach allows the full understanding of the phenomena at the study site to design new investigation activities and manage best practices. Results showed no significant natural attenuation of chlorinated hydrocarbons; the detected contamination could refer to the same unknown contaminant source. Phytoscreening was applied to assess the presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons at the ground level. The plume spread was estimated through numerical modeling from potential contaminant sources. This study may enhance the knowledge of groundwater flow and contamination in Parma to allow the design of new investigation/reclamation activities through management actions. https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5338/8/3/101/pdf

Nickerson, A., A.C. Maizel, C.I. Olivares, C.E. Schaefer, and C.P. Higgins.
Environmental Science & Technology 55(23):15744-15753(2021)

To assess impacts on PFAS release and transformation, between 136 and 280 pore volumes of nitrogen-sparged or oxygen-sparged artificial toluene-amended groundwater were pumped through four saturated, aqueous film-forming foam-impacted soil columns. Significantly higher concentrations of five PFASs eluted from O₂-sparged columns compared to N2-sparged columns shortly after sparging was initiated. The mass fractions eluted of many zwitterionic, sulfonamide-based PFASs were higher in both sets of columns than unaltered, non-biostimulated columns. Mass balance calculations suggest the transformation of sulfonamide-based precursors to perfluorinated sulfonamides in oxygen- and nitrogen-sparged columns: recoveries of perfluorinated sulfonamides were 158-235% for C3-C6 homologs, though recoveries of several prominent sulfonamide-based zwitterions were low. For example, n-carboxyethyldimethyl-ammoniopropyl perfluorohexanesulfonamide recovery was 9-13%. Results suggest biosparging can enhance the transformation and release of PFASs in saturated soil.

Kaminksi, M., N. Kivenas, K. Hepler, and M. Magnuson. 2021 EPA International Decontamination Research and Development Conference, Virtual, 1-5 November, 2021.

This study partnered with a world-wide supplier of street sweepers to mimic the operation of their sweeper at the laboratory scale to study its capabilities and evaluate its efficacy against contaminated dust and dissolved forms of radioactive contamination. Although the study focused on radioactive contamination, the results might also be informative when street sweeping particulate forms of chemical and biological contaminants or contaminants that have similar interaction with the paved surface. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=544074&Lab=CESER

Deeb, R.A., E.L. Hawley, J. Merrill, M.C. Kavanaugh, D. Sedlak, C. Higgins, and J. Field. SERDP Project ER18-1633, 48 pp, 2022

This project aimed to produce guidelines, checklists, best practices, and metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of PFAS treatment technologies. The guide provides evaluation criteria that can inform research and demonstration plans. It provides accurate information about the effectiveness of remedial technologies for PFAS, resulting in more realistic treatment expectations. Because new PFAS treatment technologies are being brought to market or tested without adequate documentation to demonstrate successful treatment, these criteria can be used to standardize the review of technology effectiveness and inform conclusions about technology effectiveness, knowledge gaps, and priorities for further testing. https://www.serdp-estcp.org/content/download/54607/536243/file/er18-1633%20guidance%20document.pdf

Conder, J., J. Arblaster, and K. Bridges. SERDP Project ER18-1614, 33 pp, 2021

This document is a user's manual for the customizable Microsoft™ food web and wildlife exposure modeling tool ("Model Tool") to assess the potential ecological risks associated with exposure to PFAS for common, threatened, and endangered species in terrestrial habitats potentially impacted by aqueous film-forming foam. The Model Tool (a multi-worksheet Excel file) enables ecological risk assessors to enter site-specific data, exposure factors for site-relevant wildlife species, and available toxicological information for common PFAS. Model outputs consist of an evaluation of the potential for direct effects to terrestrial communities and model-predicted concentrations of PFAS in food webs and wildlife diet items. The model also features tables that provide ecological risk assessment effects assessment and risk characterization (i.e., hazard quotients) and useful information to facilitate ERA-based decision making. Link to download User's Manual and tool: https://www.serdp-estcp.org/content/download/54604/536217/file/ER18-1614%20Terrestrial%20Ecological%20Risk%20Model%20Tool%20and%20User's%20Manual.zip

De Gisi, S., C. Labianca, F. Todaro, and M. Notarnicola.
Low Carbon Stabilization and Solidification of Hazardous Wastes Chapter 8:113-127, 20202

Chapter 8 of Low Carbon Stabilization and Solidification of Hazardous Wastes explores the main aspects of applying stabilization/solidification (S/S) to contaminated marine sediments, including characterization methods, examples of chemical-physical characterization output, main binders and additives used, and examples of S/S application to sediments with only organic and mixed inorganic/organic contamination. The chapter concludes by outlining current lines of research.

Polrot, A., J.R. Kirby, J.W. Birkett, and G.P. Sharples
Environmental Pollution 289:117853(2021)

This paper reviews the potential coupling of sediment management and bioremediation for maritime environments and ports. The focus is on a sustainable alternative method of managing siltation, though the detrimental effects of dredging are considered. This alternative technique fluidizes the sediment in situ, lowering the shear strength to maintain a navigable under-keel draught. Preliminary investigations show that aeration occurs through this mixing, resulting in a positive remediation effect. An overview of port contamination, remediation, and recent research on aerobic (bio)degradation of port contaminants is provided to show the potential for innovative sediment management to reduce dredging needs and remediate contaminated mud in ports. The lack of full-scale field applications for potential remediation techniques that remain largely confined to the laboratory scale is discussed.

EPA Office of Land and Emergency Management, EPA 542-F-21-029, 6 pp, 2021

In line with the renewed Agency emphasis on sustainability and climate change resilience and mitigation, the Superfund Program is updating the green remediation best management practice (BMP) fact sheets for the most common remedies in the Superfund program. The goal of these fact sheets is to share technical information on best practices that build sustainability into contaminated site cleanup operations across the portfolio of remediation approaches. The updated fact sheet on pump and treat systems includes new BMPs gathered from projects across the country and describes how climate resilience is being built into the sites to ensure continued remedy protectiveness. The fact sheet also highlights synergies between green remediation and climate adaptation practices, where one action provides both greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation and climate resilience. Examples are BMPs involving the use of renewable energy, green infrastructure or carbon sequestering vegetation that mitigate GHG emissions and add resilience to ongoing climate change. The fact sheet also discusses how advanced practices gleaned from Superfund's optimization and technical support work, such as reclaiming and reusing treated water for beneficial purposes, help reduce the environmental footprint of remedies. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-02/gr_fact_sheet_pump_treat.pdf